NS 1150 Lecture 1

What is nutrition?

the sum total processes involved in the intake and utilization of food substances by living organisms, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, and metabolism of nutrients in food

What does metabolism encompass?

all chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life (ex: food-\> energy, oxygen-\> carbon dioxide)

What is a nutrient?

a substance found in foods that performs one or more physiological or biochemical functions in the body

What are the three major functions of nutrients?

energy, structure, regulation

Function: Energy

all three macronutrients provide energy, but the body relies primarily on carbs and fat

Function: Structure

promote tissue growth and development-\> mostly done by proteins

Function: Regulation

all nutrients provide regulation

What are the 4 classifications of nutrients?

organic/inorganic, essential/non-essential, energy yielding/non-energy yielding, macro/micronutrients

What are organic molecules and what are some examples?

molecules with carbon atoms like carbohydrates, fats/lipids, alcohol, vitamins, protein

What are inorganic molecules and what are some examples?

molecules without carbon atoms like water and minerals

What are essential nutrients?

a substance that must be obtained from the diet because the body needs it and cannot make it in the required amounts

What are the examples of nutrients that may be considered essential soon?

fiber, phytosterols, polyphenols

What are nonessential nutrients?

a substance found in the body and used by the body to promote health but not required to be consumed on the diet (ex: cholesterol, carnitine, creatine, some amino acids )

What are conditionally essential nutrients and what is one example?

normally nonessential nutrient, but under certain circumstances it becomes essential (ex: creatine when there is chronic kidney disease)

To preserve normal body functions, the human body needs \___________ in large quantities (\> 1 g/day)

Macronutrients

The human body needs \_________ in smaller quantities (< 1g/day)

micronutrients

What are the energy yielding nutrients?

lipids/fats, carbohydrates, proteins, (alcohol)

How many kcal/g in fat?

9kcal/g

How many kcal/g in carbohydrates?

4 kcal/g

How many kcal/g in proteins?

4 kcal/g

How many kcal/g in alcohol?

7 kcal/g

What are essential, but not energy yielding nutrients?

vitamins ( A, C, D) and minerals (iron, calcium, iodine)

What is another essential nutrient?

water (~ 2.4 L/day) ; from liquid or solid/semisolid food intake, and oxidation of food

Why do we need water?

transports nutrients, gases and waste products; medium for chemical reactions; body temperature regulation

Non-nutrient components

naturally occurring (phytochemicals); added (intentionally or unintentionally) like colorants, sweeteners, microorganisms

What are all the essential nutrients?

fats/lipids; carbohydrates; proteins; vitamins; minerals; water

Why do we need essential nutrients?

energy production; growth and development; regulating body processes; preventing diseases

What is the dietary reference intake (DRI)?

a set of dietary reference values to aid individuals in optimizing their health, preventing disease, and avoiding nutrient overconsumption.

What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?

the nutrient intake value estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals

What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

the average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all 97-98% healthy individuals.

What is the Adequate Intake (AI)?

established when scientific evidence is not sufficient to determine an RDA; the average nutrient level consumed daily by a typical healthy population that is assumed to be adequate for the population's needs

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake or Upper Level (UL)

the highest level of daily nutrient intake that poses no risks of adverse health effects to most individuals in general population

What is Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)

estimate the calorie needs of the average person within a specific height, weight, gender, age, and physical activity pattern

What is the Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

ranges of macronutrient intake that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing recommended intakes of other essential nutrients

What is the ranges for the Macronutrients?

45-65% of kcal from Carbs; 20-35% of kcal from lipids/fats; 10-35% of kcal from proteins

What is Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)

characterizes nutrient intake that are expected to reduce the risk of developing chronic disease

What are dietary patterns?

quantities, proportions, variety, or combinations of different foods, drinks, and nutrients in diets, and the frequency with which they are consumed

A healthy dietary pattern limits \____ and \______ to < \____% of calories per day

added sugars; saturated fat; 10%

Healthy eating patterns for sodium is < or equal to\________ mg/day

2,300

What does DRI stand for?

Dietary Reference Index

What does EAR stand for?

Estimated Average Requirement

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance

What does AI stand for?

Adequate intake

What does UL stand for?

Tolerable Upper Intake or Upper Level

What does EER stand for?

Estimated Energy Requirements

What does AMDR stand for?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

What does CDRR stand for?

Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake