Intro to Communication Disorders (Chapter 1-4)

Communication Disorder

impairment that adversely affects communication

Communication Difference

communication abilities that differ from those usually encountered in the mainstream culture (no evidence of impairment)

Congenital

present at birth

acquired

Occurs after communication abilities are developed

Organic

Physical cause for disorder

Functional

organic cause cannot be established

Language Domains

content, form, use

form

how we say it: phonology, morphology, syntax - word order, word endings, speech

content

what we say: semantics - word meanings, ways word meaning link together, sequencing

use

why we say it: pragmatics - conversation, social rules, matching language to situation

phonology

the sound system of a language

phonemes

unique speech sounds of a language

morphology

structure of words

morphemes

smallest grammatical units

free morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone as a word (cat, go)

bound morpheme

A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. (un, ish, es, ed, pre)

syntax

Sentence structure

semantics

Meaning or content of words and sentences

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

Letter vs Phoneme

letter: written or printed, phoneme: sound

vocal tract

network consisting of the larynx, pharynx, and the oral and nasal cavities

articulators

the parts of the body that create consonant sounds: lips, tongue, hard/soft palate, pharynx

consonant

produced with some degree of obstruction in the vocal tract

vowel

produced b relatively open vocal tract (made by placement of the tongue)

Voiced sound

vocal chords move

Voiceless

a sound produced without vocal fold vibration

Socialization

process of learning how to interact with others within your culture

Acculturation

process of learning and adapting to a different culture

elective bilingualism

choose to study the language and possibly to live where that language is primarily spoken

circumstantial bilingualism

after immigration to another location, must learn the second language in order to function

simultaneous bilingualism

learning two languages at the same time

sequential bilingualism

children develop one language initially, then acquire a second language later

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

neurons

cell body (soma), dendrites, axons

Sensory Neurons

Sensitive to sensory stimuli and connect to sensory receptors

Motor Neurons

They end directly on muscles and glands

Interneurons/projection neurons

Connect to other neurons

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

frontal lobe

voluntary motor movements, speech production, executive function

parietal lobe

general sensory functions, attention, spatial awareness

occipital lobe

visual

temporal lobe

hearing, language comprehension, memory

cranial nerves important for speech

Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)

hypoglossal nerve

tongue movement

trigeminal nerve

chewing, face and mouth touch and pain

glossopharyngeal nerve

taste and back of tongue

vagus nerve

laryngeal and pharyngeal movements

thyroid

regulates metabolism

arytenoid

Vocal cord cartilage.

cricoid

the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx.

phonation

voice production

respiration

breathing

how breathing works

the diaphragm contracts and pulls down, chest/rib muscles pull up at same time, chest expands, air pressure decreases -> air goes in