7 (3)- scientific processes (variables and control, control techniques, bias and effects in research, ethics)

Independent variable

The variable manipulated by the researcher.

Dependent variable

The variable measured to assess the effect of the IV.

Extraneous variable

Any variable other than the IV that could influence the DV.

Confounding variable

An extraneous variable that systematically affects the DV, reducing internal validity.

Operationalisation

Defining variables in measurable terms, improving replicability.

Control of variables

Techniques used to minimise extraneous variables, increasing internal validity.

Random allocation

Participants are randomly assigned to conditions, reducing participant variables.

Counterbalancing

Changing the order of conditions to control order effects.

Randomisation

Using chance to control variables, increasing validity.

Standardisation

Keeping procedures consistent, improving reliability.

Demand characteristics

Cues that influence participant behaviour, reducing validity.

Investigator effects

Researcher behaviour influencing outcomes, reducing objectivity.

BPS code of ethics

Guidelines ensuring ethical conduct including respect, competence, responsibility, and integrity.

Informed consent

Participants must agree with full understanding of the study.

Deception

Withholding information, ethically sensitive but sometimes necessary.

Protection from harm

Preventing psychological or physical harm.

Confidentiality

Protecting participant identity and data.

Debriefing

Full explanation given after participation.