dentistry + all review questions

Stomat/o

Mouth

Bucc/o

Cheek

Lingu/o

Tongue

Palat/o

Palate

Dent/o

Tooth

Gingiv/o

Gum

Labi/o

Lip

Distal

Away from the midline

Mesial

Toward the midline

Buccal

Toward the cheek

Lingual

Tongue surface

Palatal

Palate surface

Labial

Lip surface

Mature tooth parts

Crown, neck, root

Crown

Area of tooth above gumline

Enamel

Covers the crown, hardest substance in the body

Neck

Slightly constricted area at the junction of the crown and root

Root

Submerged portion of tooth below gumline

Cementum

Covers the root, close in composition to bone, not as hard as enamel

Dentin

Thickest part of tooth, entire length of tooth underlying enamel and cementum

Pulp cavity

Inner area of tooth, houses blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue — provide oxygen and nutrients through blood vessels

Apical

Tip of root, an area with many small openings

Alveolar bone

Bone surrounding tooth

Periodontal ligament

Connects tooth to bone

Sulcus

Area of tooth where gum attaches

Periodontium consists of…

Gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

Periodontal disease

Most common oral disease in pets, caused by accumulation of bacterial plaque on teeth + area around teeth

Primary cause of periodontal disease

Biofilm becomes plaque — if not removed, minerals in saliva will join with the plaque and harden into tartar/calculus — secrete toxins which initiate inflammatory response — can lead to oral discomfort and eventual tooth loss

Factors that may cause periodontal disease

Diet, food debris, malocclusion, retained deciduous teeth, hair impaction, diabetes, hypothyroidism, autoimmune disorders, nutritional deficiencies

Stages of periodontal disease

1. Gingivitis

2. Periodonitis — slight increase in pocket depth (1mm cats, 3-5mm in dogs)

3. Larger pocket depth (>1mm cats, 5-9mm dogs)

4. Over 50% attachment loss — mobility observed

Dental prohpylaxis

The process by which teeth are cleaned — prevents/protects from disease by removing plaque/calculus/harmful bacteria — done under anesthetic

Systemic approach to dental prophylaxis

• Examine cheek/gingiva/tongue/roof/pharynx

• Probing — detect pockets

• Charting — abnormalities are noted

• U/S scaling — supragingival

• Manual scaling — subgingival

• Extractions if necessary

• Polishing — polish cup/pumice paste decreases surface area by smoothing enamel

• Irrigation — flush out any debris

• Fluoride — strengthens enamel

Normal gingival sulcus of a dog?

1-3mm

Normal gingival sulcus of a cat?

0-1mm

List the dental instruments

• Mouth gag

• Probe

• Explorer

• Curette

• Dental hoe

• Periosteal elevators

• Calculus removal/extraction forceps

Calculus removal/extraction forceps

Quick removal of large pieces of gross supragingival calculus, also grasps loose teeth for extraction

Periosteal elevators

Elevates the root of tooth, loosens ligament for easier extraction

Dental hoe

Gross scaling by pulling in vertical direction

Curette

Removes plaque below gumline, only instrument that does this! (Two working edges, flat face and rounded back)

Explorer

Detects tooth decay, residual calculus and FORL’s (shaped like a shepherd’s crook, sharp/thin/tip shaped)

Mouth gag

Better access to caudal teeth, used for short time only to prevent tension

Probe

Measures gingival sulcus, calibrated from 0-12mm (thin/straight end)

__% dogs over __y/o show some indication of periodontal inflammation

85%; 3years

__% cats over __y/o show some indication of periodontal inflammation

70%; 3years

Which type of tooth extraction is most time consuming?

Canines, carnassial teeth

What is the name of the common adsorbant used in vet med and what does it do?

Activated charcoal — binds to the toxins so they don’t get absorbed in the GI

What are the names of the 3 common antibiotics used in practice, and how long is the animal usually on them?

Amoxicillin, cephalexin, baytril — usually 7-10 days

What is the name of the injectable antibiotic and what species is it good for?

Convenia — cats

If an animal is diagnosed with CHF what is the drug they are put on? What is a diuretic and name the common one used?

ACE Inhibitor Fortekor (enalapril) — increases urination, Lasix (furosemide)

What is an emetic? Name a common one used in vet med and when do we use it?

Makes you vomit. Apomorphine — chocolate ingestion

There is a drug commonly used in the treatment of soft stool/diarrhea, what is the name of it? What is it and why is it used?

Metronidazole (flagyl) anaerobic antibiotic, prevents soft stool

What is the name of the steroid commonly used in practice? List 3 conditions it treats? Why do you have to “wean” off steroids?

Prednisone. Atopy, pruritus, IMHA — because the adrenal gland needs time to produce naturally

What is the common endocrine disorder that occurs in cats? What is the name of the drug, and what makes it special?

Hyperthyroidism. Methimazole (tapazole), comes in different forms

What is the name of the drug that we treat epilepsy disorders with? What do we do if the animal is in an active seizure? What do we need to tell owners if their dog/cat is experiencing a seizure? What is the name of the medication animals are put on if they are diagnosed with seizures?

Phenobarbitol — controlled drug. Valium rectally. Video it

How do we diagnose an ulcerated cornea? How do we treat KCS?

Fluorescein stain — cyclosporine

What is the first thing we should do if we suspect an infected ear? What are some common infections of the ear?

Swab the ear. Mites, otitis externa

What does the NSAID stand for? What is the common one used in vet med? What do we need to tell owners when we dispense it?

Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drug — metacam, give with food

What is the name of the opioid patch used in vet med?

Fentanyl

What is the name of the antitussive used for a chronic cough in dogs?

Hycodan

What is the name of the tranquilizer/sedative used for short term sedation that works really well to get certain procedures done, and what is unique about it?

Domitor (medetomidine), it has a reversal (antisedan)

What does it mean when we “debride” a wound?

Clean out all necrotic tissue

Why is hydrogen peroxide usually not recommended to clean a wound?

Can do more harm than good, kills good tissue as well

What is the difference between “first intention healing” and “second intention healing”?

First intention = clean and suture the wound

Second intention = clean and not suture, usually just bandage

What is a “decubital ulcer”?

Pressure sore (bed sore)

What is the name of the “drain” used in vet med?

Penrose

When bandaging a wound how many layers are typically used and what is the purpose of each layer?

3 layers

1st = in contact with wound

2nd = provides absorbency

3rd = holds all in place

What are some signs of an infected wound?

Redness, swelling, odor, fever

What are some home care instructions to send home with a client when their animal has a bandage?

Keep clean, no licking, keep dry, watch for swelling, follow home care instructions

What is the CRTZ?

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

What impulses can CRTZ be generated by?

Drugs, motion, pain, excitement, fear, inner ear disturbances, metabolic conditions

What is the common centrally acting emetic and where do we administer it?

Apomorphine — lower conjunctival sac — can be given IV

What is an emetic used for?

To induce vomiting

What is an antiemetic used for?

Stop vomiting

What is the common anaerobic antibiotic commonly used in the treatment of diarrhea?

Metronidazole, Flagyl

What is activated charcoal and when do we use it?

Adsorbant, used to prevent absorption of toxins

What is the drug called used for cats that have hyperthyroidism (generic and brand name)?

Methimazole (tapazole)

What is special about methimazole (tapazole)?

Transdermal med, chewable tablets, pills

What is the common NSAID used in vet med?

Metacam

What is the name of the “stain” used in small animals and why do we use it?

Fluorescein stain — detects ulcers/scratches etc. in the eye

What is KCS?

Keratoconjunctiva sicca

What do you need to do before flushing any ear for infection?

Swab the ear

What are some common skin disorders?

Seborrhea, hot spots, skin fold dermatitis, deep pyoderma, atopy, allergic dermatitis

What are the 5 rights before administering any drug?

Right route, right dose, right patient, right time and frequency, right drug

What is a nutraceutical?

Any non-toxic food product that has been shown to benefit health

What is an antimicrobial/antibiotic?

Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

When do we use antimicrobials/antibiotics?

Bacterial infections

What are the 3 classifications of antimicrobials?

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones

Name the common penicillin antimicrobial

Amoxicillin

Name the common cephalosporin antimicrobial

Cephalexin

Name the common fluoroquinolone antimicrobial

Baytril

What are the 3 common diseases of the heart?

Valvular dz,, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardia dz

What are the 4 classifications of the cardiovascular drugs and what do they do?

Positive inotropics — improve strength of contraction

Antiarrhythmics — control arrhythmias

Diuretics — increase urine output

Vasodialators — prevent vasoconstriction

What is the name of the common ACE inhibitor and common diuretic?

Fortekor (enalapril)

What are two common positions animals are in when taking an x-ray?

Right lateral, ventral dorsal

What are some ways to protect yourself from radiation?

Protective gear, leave the room, rotate staff

What is endoscopy?

Using a camera to enter the body through the mouth to retrieve a foreign body, or to get a sample of tissue

What is an artifact in radiology?

Unwanted blemish on a radiograph

What is anesthesia?

Having “no feeling” during a procedure

What is analgesia?

Reduction of pain

What are signs of pain in an animal?

Protecting painful area, vocalization, licking or biting affected area, scratching or shaking affected area, restlessness, sweating