Unit 7 Van More PCMS Final Exam Civil War

Agrarian

related to farming, economic and cultural society based on farming and crops

-South economy

cotton gin

-separates seeds from cotton plants

-revolutionized cotton growth in the U.S, made it the number 1 crop

-1794

-Eli Whitney

-Increased cotton production, which increased demand for enslavement

plantation

Large acre of farmed land

abolitionist

someone who wants to end enslavement

Harriet Tubman & Underground Railroad

-Harriet Tubman: escaped enslaved person who went back to help others, used Underground RR

-Underground RR: secret network of safe houses + routes used by enslaved to escape

popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

-allow voters in territory to decide whether they want to ban/allow slavery

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

-Rep. Tallmadge of NY proposes amendment asking to join MO as a free state

-The South opposed, wanted enslavement

-Approved in the House, lost by the Senate

-1819 Congressional Session: issue remains combative

Missouri Compromise (1820)

-1820: Resumes issue of MO being free or enslaved state

-ME (Maine) also wants to join as a free state

-Congress first hears talk about South seceding

-Solution: MO enters as an enslaved state, ME as a free state

-Drew a line at 36'30 line, N of it = slavery abolished with exception of Missouri, S of it = slavery allowed

Nat Turner rebellion & Fugitive Slaves (1831)

-Slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia

-Killed around ~ 55 white ppl in 2 days

-Resulted in more small rebellions

-Enslaved attempt to escape and flee to North

Gag Rule (1836)

-1836: response to MO compromise

-North = flooding Congress w/ petitions --> get rid of slavery

-Response: Congress puts a halt on all talk about abolitionism and getting rid of slavery, South agrees, North angry

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

-PA Rep David Wilmot = proposed an amendment in 1846 seeking funds for MX-AM war

-no slavery allowed in Mexican Cession/any territory added to the U.S

-passed in the House, rejected in the Senate

-Sectionalism increased over the issue of slavery

Compromise of 1850

1. Cali enters as a free state

2. Mexican Cession = left up to the people to decide whether enslavement is allowed or not

3. End slave trade to Washington D.C. (not end slavery)

4. Fugitive Slave law is strengthened = becomes easier to catch fugitives

-Passed in 1850

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

-1850: Federal crime to help runaway slaves

-Allowed gov. to arrest runaways where slavery was NO

-Slaves could not testify on their own at trial

-1st 10 years: 343 fugitive slave cases, 11 won

-Thousands of slaves escaped to Canada

-Northerners began to resist/rebel against the act

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Plays that sold millions, spread word of the abolitionist movement

-1852

-Harriet Beecher Stowe

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

-Proposed by Stephen Douglas of IL in 1854

-Divided the LA purchase into two: KS, NE

-Each territory uses pop sovereignty to decide enslavement or not

-Gets rid of MO compromise

-North = upset MO compromise gone, protested

-Bloodshed in Kansas

Bleeding Kansas (1854) & Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)

-Both sides fighting to win KS- enslavement or not? (1854)

-Fight in Lawrence: Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)

--> John Brown-abolitionist, fought back

--> He and 7 others killed 5 pro-slavery men

--> More fighting, eventually 200 died

--> Became a hot topic across the country

Brookes v Sumner (1856)

-Preston Brookes attacked Charles Sumner with a cane because Sumner gave an anti-slavery speech before

-Brookes (pro-slavery) Sumner (anti)

-Summer = severely injured

-Massachusetts 1856, senate floor

Dred Scott Case (1857)

-1857 Dred Scott: slave from St. Louis, MO

-Worked with his owner in free part of LA purchase

-Scott argued that he should be free when return to MO, since he worked in free territory

--> Scott even a citizen? (Could he go to court or no?)

--> Time spent on free land = he was free?

--> Ban on slavery constitutional in LA purchase?

Ruling of Dred Scott Case (1857)

-Justice Taney: Scott, not a citizen = no right to come to court

-Living on free land does not equal he is free

-Found ban on slavery in new territory unconstitutional

-This stunned North, angered Republicans, Lincoln enters

Republicans and Democrats

R: Abolition party, Northerners

S: Southerners, hated Abolition party

Abraham Lincoln

-From KY, moved to mid west in 1816

-4 terms in IL Congress

-Joined Republicans in 1856

-Fought to abolish enslavement

-Debated against Stephen Douglass in 1858

-President during Civil War, was reelected

Effects of the L-D Debate (1858)

-Douglass= country cannot be half slaved and half free

--> Continued to push for free union = warfare in North/South

--> Ppl, not Congress, determine to enslave or not

--> This helped Douglass win more votes, earns a seat in the Senate over Lincoln

-Lincoln: viewed it as a moral issue

-1858

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

-Harpers Ferry, VA

-Armed slaves and captured arsenal

-Abolition revolt

Election of 1860

-Country is divided over slavery. N vs S

-Lincoln won (~40% of votes, won the electoral vote, Southern states didn't even have his name on the ballot)

Secession of Southern States (1861)

-South = angry, saw this as a threat to their way of life

-Result: Southern states begin to leave, starting with SC, 10 that follow = 11 states in total

-Helped trigger the Civil War in 1861

-Southern states that left = Confederate States of America

Fort Sumter (1861)

-Military fort in Charleston, South Carolina, 1861

-Confederates attacked fort

-Union troops surrender

-First battle of Civil War, both sides began preparing for full-scale war

Theaters of war & border states

-Trans-Mississippi

-Western Theater: AL, GA, FL, MS, NC, SC, KY, TN=had MS river

-Eastern Theater: PA, MD, DE, VA=had Richmond

-Border states:

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Copperheads

-Northern democrats = felt that saving the Union and making peace was more important than ending slavery (Copperheads)

-Northern republicans saw this as a betrayal

Strengths/Weaknesses of the North

-Large army, established navy

-Larger population for enlistment

-Industrialization = more factories to produce what military needs

-(w) limited military leadership

-Would be the ones to go to the battle front

Strengths/Weaknesses of the South

-Military leadership

-Home field advantage (only needed to defend itself)

-Most battles were fought on Southern soil

-Strong identity and motivation for independence

-(w) lacked industrialization to produce goods and materials

Anaconda Plan

-Destroyed Southern economy by using naval blockade, blocked ports, cut off trade

-Control MS River to divide Confederacy = limit their trade and communication

-Capture Richmond, VA- confederate capital

War strategies for South

-Defend territory

-Wear down Union's will to fight

-Take WA, DC (Union capital)

-Win foreign allies

-Needed to sell cotton to GB and France for $ for war

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

-1st president

-1861

Women in the war

-Ran farms + businesses

-Worked in factories

-Nurses, teachers, govt., employment

Military Involvement

-Messengers, guides, smugglers, spies

-Nursed injured soldiers: Dorthea Dix, Clara Barton

Clara Burton

-Founded American Red Cross in 1881

-Nursed injured soldiers during the war

General George McClellan

-Union, North

-Was one of the first to try and capture Richmond

-Antietam

General Robert E. Lee

-CSA

-Lead General of CSA

-Bull Run 2nd Battle, Antietam, Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, Petersburg, Appomattox Courthouse

General William Sherman

-Union, North

-Total War

-March to Sea (GA)

-Ending the war with his battles in the South

Stonewall Jackson

-Thomas Jackson

-Took home a CSA win that showed the North that battle would not be easy

-Bull Run 1st and 2nd, Antietam, wounded at Chancellorsville

General Ulysses S. Grant

-Union

-Lead general of U.S.

-18th president

-Vicksburg, Shiloh, Appomattox Courthouse

Bull Run (1861 1st Battle)

-When: 1861

-Who: McDowell's union army vs Stonewall's CSA army

-Where: Manassas, VA in Bull Run Creek

-North = wanted better positioning in border states for future battles

-Stonewall's determination broke Union lines, North retreated back to WA, DC

-Confederates won

-When North realized and accepted war would be longer and bloodier than expected

Shiloh, 1862

-When: 1862

-Where: Shiloh, TN, West Theater

-Who: Grant (U) vs CSA

-Confederates get the upper hand & looks like an easy victory

-US Grant proving his worth in western theater

-Union reinforcements on 2nd day turn tide in Union favor

-13,000 Union casualties

-10,000 Confederate casualties

Bull Run 2nd Battle (1862)

-When: 1862

-Who: CSA Stonewall & Lee vs Union army

-Where: Manassas, VA

-Confederacy under Stonewall and Lee; Union under General John Pops

-Lee had Jackson and men flank Union

-Union retreats to D.C

-Another win for confederacy

-Gave Lee confidence to invade the North, leading to Battle of Antietam

Battle of Antietam (1862)

-When: 1862

-Who: Union McClellan vs Lee & Jackson

-Where: MD, between PA and VA

-North wants to capture capital

-South wants MD to join them

-Lee invades territory in MD

-Confederacy forced to retreat back

-Bloodiest one day battle in U.S history

-Over 22,000 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in one day

-More ppl. died here than the War of 1813 & Mexican War combined

-Union claims victory; big cost on both sides

Merrimac vs. The Monitor 1862

-When: 1862

-Who: Merrimac (CSA) vs Monitor (Union)

-Where: Chesapeake Bay in VA

-Merrimac: Confederates take Union ship left in VA, cover with iron, and rename it the Virginia

-Monitor: Union iron clad navy vessel built in less than 100 days

-Merrimac: enters Chesapeake bay, destroys Union's wooden ships

-Union responds with Monitor the next day, neither sides win, Union begins using iron clad ships in next battles

-Naval technology = never the same, rise of iron clad ships

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

-Finalized in 1863

-Lincoln issued it due to the Union's performance at Antietam

-All enslaved in Confederate states (not Union or border states) were free

-Changed purpose from just saving Union to ending slavery as well

-South = cotton to export to FR & GB = Eman. Proc outlawed slavery = FR & GB didnt want to support a nation fighting for slavery

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

-When: 1863

-Who: CSA Lee against Union army

-Where: Gettysburg, PA

-Lee invades North after winning many battles on Southern soil

-North wanted to capture Richmond, Virginia

-South wanted MD to join CSA, get foreign allies on their side

-Lee forced to retreat back to VA

-Bloodiest battle in war, turning point

-After Lee lost 1/3 of his men, he decided he would only fight on Southern soil

Gettysburg Address 1863

-1863

-Lincoln gave a speech at battlefield site

-In memory of Union soldiers who died trying to protect their country and its freedoms

-Both Union and Confederate need to be remembered, for they all fought under the premise of democracy & THAT is the goal

Vicksburg (1863)

-When: 1863

-Who: Farragut secured N. Orleans on MS river, now Grant is taking Vicksburg

-Where: Vicksburg, MS in MS River

--Grant uses gunboats for 6 weeks to shell the city from the river

-Army bombarded it from land

-Low on supplies and food, people of Vicksburg surrendered since they couldn't be protected

-UNION NOW CONTROLLS ALL OF MS RIVER IN 1863

MA 54th Regiment (1862)

-When: 1862

-Began allowing AA to fight in Union army

-200,000+ former slaves and AA join

-Often undertrained, undersupplied

-Massachusetts 54th: Colonel Robert Gould Shaw

—> 1,000 AA soldiers

—> Congress agrees AA = same pay as whites

—> Sent to Ft. Wagner, SC to fight

Total War

-complete obstruction of resources, people, everything in its path

-Northern strategy

-Unconditional Surrender- Union's General Grant's nickname

-Grant = on path to Richmond, invaded VA, doesn't give up, lots of casualties

Shermans March to Sea (1864)

-Atlanta GA 1864: Troops capture Atlanta, burned destroyed it and much of GA

-Went on to N.C and S.C

-Savannah, GA 1864: "Christmas present to Lincoln, siege of GA and then Carolinas set the stage to attack Richmond

-At this point: taken MS river, closed ports, no trade for South

-Final step for A. Plan

Petersburg, 1865

-When: 1865

-Where: Petersburg, VA

-Lee's last stand, Union wins

-Richmond = taken

-Fires & looting breaks out

Appomattox Courthouse 1865

-General Lee meets with General Grant to end the war in the A. Court house

-Small town outside of Richmond

Terms:

-Confed troops = go home with supplies, no more fighting

-Grant supplied Lee's troops with much needed food

Minnie Ball 1849

-1849

-Increased accuracy and range

-Changed warfare; made Civil War deadliest conflict in American history

Telegraph, railroad, Lincolns war room

-Telegraph: enabled quick communication and coordination, Lincoln used it a lot in offices = CSA would destroy telegraph lines

-Railroad: advantage to North, transportation of troops, supplies. U had way more than C

-War rooms: Lincoln worked in his office A LOT, telegraphed a lot, fell asleep, space for reflection

Lincoln's Assassination 1865

-1865

-Fords Theater

-John Wilkes Booth

-Andrew Johnson - VP becomes prez., southern sympathizer

-Reconstruction: 1865-1877

Johnson's reconstruction plan

-Former confederate states = rejoin USA if:

-Write new state constitution

-Elect new state government

-Repeal acts of secession

-Cancelled war debts

-Had to ratify 13th amendment 1865

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

-Banned prez. from firing certain federal officials w/o Senate's consent

-Johnson fired an official regardless

-Impeached

-Won by 1 vote, but lost power

13th amendment (1865)

-Abolished enslavement and involuntary servitude in the U.S. and its territories

-First reconstruction amendment adopted after Civil War

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

-agency established by Congress at the end of war to help newly freed black Americans

-Food, medical care, land, job assistance to free AA

-Education: public schools for AA

-"40 acres and a mule", Shermans promise never fully fulfilled

-South saw this as northern disturbance

Ku Klux Klan (Formed in 1865)

-1865, Tennessee

-White supremacist terrorist group

-Violence & intimidation to suppress black people

-Racial hatred

-Hanged & lynched

Black Codes (1865-1866)

-laws passed through former CSA states to limit rights of AA

Limit rights of freedmen legally

-no citizenship/voting rights

Help planters find workers to replace slaves

-2nd round of subversive slavery

-limited jobs, no job = arrested/hired to planters

Keep freedmen at bottom of social order

-During reconstruction

Radical Republicans

-Led by Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens

-Thought reconstruction was not over until freedmen got full rights of citizenship

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

-Divides south into 5 district governments w/ generals supported by troops

-Both black and white government

-Southerners supported CSA = denied the right to vote

-Johnson vetoed; Congress overruled

14th amendment (1868)

-citizenship, due process, equal protection to everyone in U.S. except for Natives

-"all people born or naturalized in U.S."

Sharecropping

-Former slave owners needed labor, former slaves wanted land

-Planters divided lands into plots- rented plots to tenant farmers

-A few paid rent in cash; most paid in portion of crops raised usually about a third or half

-Most sharecroppers = borrow $$$ for tools, seed, supplies

-Few earned enough to payback what owed

-Not independence but debtor system

Scalawags

-Term used to describe white southerners who supported Republican party & agreed with Reconstruction policies

-White southern democrats viewed them as traitors

Carpetbaggers

Term used to describe a northerner who moved to the south after the war to get political advantages through the disorganization of the south

-Wanted money and power

15th Amendment (1870)

Guaranteed every male citizen right to vote, regardless of race

African Americans

- ~¼ elected officials @ Constitutional

Conventions

- 1/5 A.A. reps. & served in state

governments

- Progressive message: public education

(although only for whites), free from

debtors prison, voting rights to all

-Rebuild roads, bridges, railroads

-tax increased ~40% between 1860-1870 in

South

What was happening towards the end of reconstruction?

• Southerners blamed "Yankees" for interference & higher taxes but took

aggressions out on A.A.

• Ku Klux Klan - used violence to intimidate & control A.A. power & freedom in South

• Enforcement Acts: illegal to prevent another person from voting by bribery, force or

intimidation

• President Grant sent federal troops to enforce but fizzled b/c A.A. would not testify

against aggressors

Amnesty Act of 1872

-Forgive and move on feeling

-Allowed most former confederates to vote again

-1876: Democrats regained control of all but 3 states (SC, LA, FL)

Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876

• Samuel J. Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (R)

-Tilden majority of popular votes & 184 electoral (one short of victory)

- Hayes won 165 electoral votes

- 20 electoral votes from four states = disputed

• Congressional committee (Rep. majority)

- voted to give all 20 to Hayes, outrage

• Democrats accepted electoral commission's decision, while Hayes agreed to withdraw federal troops from S.

• FL, LA, SC became Democrat controlled

• end of the Reconstruction era

• Law making bodies in south move to enforce whites in power & marginalize blacks

Reconstruction Reversal

-Lost education: S. Democrats cut fundings for schools

-Lost voting rights: Laws required high poll taxes & to pass literacy tests designed for AA to fail

-Whites = excused because of "grandfather clause" - (man whose father/grandfather could vote before Jan 1st, 1867)

-Upheld by Supreme Court, did not deny vote to color

Jim Crow Laws 1877-1950s

-1877-1950s

-enforced racial segregation

-Some states mandated it of schools, places, transportation, restrooms, restaurants, drinking fountains

-Post reconstruction

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

-AA argued violation of 14th amendment

-Homer Plessy = arrested for refusing JC laws

-Supreme court declared no violation

-Separate but equal

-AA always inferior, no one enforced equal

Buffalo soldiers

AA who served in the US army on the war of the Western frontier following the Civil War

Civil Rights Act (1964)

-outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

-outlawed segregation