Botany Exam 1

Ch. 1

What are the two kingdom classifications according to Carl Linnaeus?

Plantae and Animalia

What are the 3 domains of the modern classification system

bacteria, eukarya, archaea

where did photosynthetic abilities first evolve? Are some still photosynthetic?

in bacteria / yes

characteristics of archaea

prokaryotic and live in extreme environments

characteristics of Eukarya plants

nucleus, multicellular, photosynthetic

how did plants become photosynthetic

captured free living bacteria as organelle

plant clade (ancestor and all descendants) name

Archaeplastida

T or F: Botany not only studies plants but also all other organisms traditionally considered plants

T

What does the rainbow colors of plants mean?

the antioxidant/chemicals that they make

small, cell-damaging molecules produced by the body as waste products through metabolic processes

free radicals

what neutralizes free radicals

antioxidants

what color plants usually contain more chemically active antioxidant pigments

dark and intensely colored ones

in what form does the body make antioxidants? What can it be supplemented with?

vitamins / plants

ultraviolet light can cause (__) which is an (__) source

oxidative stress / exogenous

oxidative stress (ROS) leads to impaired (__) function which can create random (__) damage

physiological / cellular

what antioxidant chemicals are in Coffea arabica

chlorogenic and caffeic acid

coffee drinkers (____ cups a day) are 15% (__) likely to die of any cause compared to non-coffee drinkers

2-3 / less

what cancer can coffee prevent

liver

T or F: those with highest coffee consumption (3+ a day) had the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes compared to those who consumed 1 cup or less per day

T

3-5 cups of coffee a day can protect against late-life (_)

dementia

Theobroma cacao means “__” and what is significant about the fruit and flowers

God Food / cauliflorous (grows on trunk)

what antioxidant chemical is found in chocolate?

flavanol

influence of flavanols

vascular health, lower blood pressure, improved blood flow to the brain and heart

does dark, milk, or white chocolate have the highest level of flavonoids?

dark

T or F: the white chocolate group had a slight change in blood pressure

F (no significant change)

Vitis vinifera is the species of (__) that makes (__)

grapes / wine

what pigments are in grapes and does red or white wine have more

anthocyanin / red (10 times)

red wine increases amount of (__) or good cholesterol by 20% and decreases bad (__). it also reduces (__) build up and inhibits (__) formation

HDL / cholesterol / plaque / clot

(__) products represent half of the drugs in use today. (__) derived products represent 25% of that total

natural / plant

alkaloid derived from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It has been used for centuries to treat various medical conditions, most notably malaria. 

quinine

Hippocrates noted chewing leaves of (__) reduced pain

white willow (Salix alba)

in the 1820s, European chemists isolated (__) from white willow, which was named (__)

glycoside / salicin

in 1897, Bayer created (__) or the drug (__) because it upset the stomach less

acetylsalicylic acid / aspirin

in 1948, Dr. Lawrence Craven, recommended (__) to all patients and colleagues to dramatically reduce risk of (__)

aspirin / heart attack

what was significant about those who took aspirin vs those who didnt according to Dr. Lawrence Craven

no cardiovascular events

T or F: low doses (160 mg/day) can reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke among those who have a history

t

aspirin reduces the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events by (__)

30%

daily aspirin over at least (__) years appears to greatly reduce mortality from (__) and (__) cancers

5 / gastrointestinal / non-gastrointestinal

20-year risk of cancer death was 20% (__) in groups previously allocated (__) than in controls for all (__) cancers and 35% lower for (__) cancers

lower / aspirin / solid /gastrointestinal

photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 6H2O (+solar energy)→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

List the hierarchical organization of life

cells, tissues, organs, organism

what are the common organs of plants

leaves, stems, roots

structure informs

function

What did Robert Hooke enable us to do? what did he invent?

look at things at cellular level / compound microcrope

What kind of cells did Hooke look at and why?

cork / no cytoplasm at maturity so easy to see shape

who invented the cell theory

botanist Schleiden and Zoologist Schwann

What did Rudolf Virchow say?

cells only come from other cells

what are the 3 parts of the cell theory

all living organisms made of 1+ cells, chemical reactions take place within cells, cells arise from other cells

bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya are all united by the

last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

T or F: Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than to bacteria

t

what 4 things do ALL cells have

DNA genome, RNA as genetic messenger, ribosomes, and cell membrane

What kind of chromosome do bacteria/archaea have? Nucleus? extra copies of genetic material called (__) used to move (__) between organisms

circular / no / plasmids / genes

in a EUK cell, chromosomes are what shape? what does a duplicated chromosome contain? Is it possible for un unduplicated chromosome to be called a chromatid?

linear / 2 sister chromatids / no

membrane of nucleus? nucleolus is where (__) are produced and assembled

double / ribosomes

cell membrane is (__) model made of a (__) and contains embedded (__)

fluid mosaic / phospholipid bilayer / proteins

what does the internal membrane/endomembrane system include?

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane

compartmentalization of internal membrane system increases efficiency and rate of (__) and (__)

metabolic reactions / transport

main part of cell wall is (__) cell wall and is made primarily of (__) that are (__) together and are (__). (__) flows freely through. This part is situated between the plasma membrane and the (__), which is made of (__) and abuts other cells for a (__) connection

primary / cellulose microfibrils / linked / solid / water / middle lamella / pectin / sticky

The (__) cell wall is large and thick and found only in cells needing extra (__); gets strength from the complex polymer (__). Which wall is closer to cell and why?

secondary / strength / lignin / secondary cause made second

one of the top 3 most abundant organic chemicals found in secondary cell wall

lignin

cells with secondary walls are called (___), and cells with primary walls are called (__)

sclerids / parencyma

T or F: the secondary cell wall can be larger than the lumen of the cell

t

communication tunnels between cells are called (__). the membrane layer is (__). the holes in the cell wall are called (__) and are (__) on the other side

plasmodesmata / continuous / pits / mirrored

rough ER is site of (__) production and smooth ER is site of (__) synthesis

protein / lipid

small membrane clumps that process chemicals mixed together

golgi apparatus

packaged chemicals go out from golgi in (__)

vesicles

the root tip secretes (__) contained within (__) for what purpose?

mucigel / vesicles / protect and lubricate root and absorb water

T or F: All plants have chloroplasts but not all mitochondria

F (all have both)

mitochondria came from free-living bacteria from PRO (__) and chloroplasts came from (__) that could do photosynthesis. This process is known as the (__) theory

purple bacteria / cyanobacteria / endosymbiotic

a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another, often resulting in a mutually beneficial partnership

endosymbiosis

evidence of endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

single circular chromosome (unique to organelle), replicate by binary fission, 70 S ribosomes, same size

how many genomes are found in a plant cell

3

chemical process of mitochondria is (__). contains a surrounding (__), then (__) space, then the (___) which contains a liquid (__) and folds called (__)

aerobic cellular respiration / outer membrane / intermembrane / inner membrane / matrix / cristae

immature initially but have ability to become a different thing and modify function based on where it develops is (__) and starts as a (__) before differentiated

plastid / proplastid

The chloroplast has an (__) membrane, (__) space, and (__) membrane. There are then stacks of (__) called (__) surrounded by (__) liquid

outer / intermembrane / inner / thylakoids / granum / stroma

what happens to the half of the plant cell that is below the sun and has no light? What is it modified for? What color is it and why?

becomes a leucoplast / storage / colorless because doesn’t make pigments

leucoplast that stores starch is (__) and one that stores protein is (__)

amyloplast / proteinopolast

T or F: All above ground cells have chloroplast

t

the half of the pro plastid that is exposed to light becomes (__) and can stop making (__) when ripe in fruit or flowers and start making (__) which display the colors orange, red, and yellow

chloroplast / chlorophyll / carotenoids

a type of plastid found in plant cells grown in the dark. They are essentially a transitional stage between proplastids (undeveloped plastids) and chloroplasts.

etioplasts

large sack of water in plant cell

vacuole

how many membranes does the vacuole have? What does the vacuole isolate? It stores (__), more specifically (__), and (___ ___ ___ ____)

1 / chemical reactions / water soluble pigments / anthocyanins / calcium oxalate raphide crystals

anthocyanins (pink, blue, red) protect against (__), (__), (__), attract (__), and deter (__).

UV radiation / low temperatures / drought / pollinators / herbivores

T or F: Anthocyanins are found in both vacuoles and plastids

f

what function do calcium oxalate raphide crystals serve

deter herbivores by causing inflammation and irritation of mouth and throat tissues

what are the 2 main components of the cytoskeleton

microtubules and microfilaments

microtubules are (___) in size, made of (__) arranged in a helix around a (__) core. does it have both types of tubulin?

big / tubulin proteins / hollow / yes

functions of microtubules: construction of (__) by moving (__) to these sites, form the core structure of (__), move (__) and (__), and movement of (__) during mitosis and meiosis

cell wall / cellulose / flagella / vesicles / organelles / chromosomes

microfilaments are (___) in size and made of (__) polymers. its main function is during cell (__) in which it directs what? It also functions in (__) to move (__) around to help expose them to (__)

small / actin / morphogenesis / growth and development of plant body / cytoplasmic streaming / chloroplasts / light

cell division that provides cells for growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction, maintains chromosome number

mitosis

produces cells for sexual reproduction and reduces chromosomes number by half

meiosis

a group of cells performing a common function

tissue

small, undifferentiated tissue that plants begin life at

meritematic

what are the 3 types of permanent plant tissue

ground, dermal, and vascular

plant tissue diagram: (__) becomes (__), which branches off into (__) then (__), (__) and the 3 types are (__), and (__) which is (__) and the two types are (__)

apical meristem / primary meristems / protoderm / epidermis / ground meristem / parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma / procambium / vascular / xylem and phloem

all somatic cell types, germ cells and placenta

totipotency

(__) cells can become anything. Certain (__) turn on and others turn permanently off. These types of stem cells are found in a (__)

totipotent / genes / fertilized egg

all somatic cell types, germ cells

pluripotency

embryonic stem cells are (__)

pluripotent

lineage-restricted cell types such as neural stem cell

multipotency