The Protestant Reformation and Its Impact on Europe

Luther's Critique

Criticism of Catholic practices and authority.

Indulgences

Pardons for sin in exchange for donations.

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther's arguments against indulgences, 1517.

Excommunication

Official exclusion from the Catholic Church.

Predestination

Belief that God decides who goes to Heaven.

Anabaptists

Group advocating adult baptism and separation from society.

Council of Trent

Catholic meetings to discuss reforms, 1545-1563.

Society of Jesus

Jesuits focused on education and missionary work.

Thirty Years War

Religious conflict in Europe, 1618-1648.

Witch Hunts

Trials targeting alleged witches, mostly women.

Absolutism

Monarchs rule without constitutional limits.

Divine Right

Monarchs answer only to God, no earthly authority.

Total Control

Monarchies tax and control trade and military.

Noblesse Oblige

Monarch's duty to be kind and benevolent.

Religious Warfare

Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.

Martin Luther

Key figure in the Protestant Reformation, 1483-1546.

Henry VIII

King of England who formed the Church of England.

John Calvin

French theologian who preached predestination.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by Calvin's teachings.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious freedom to French Protestants.

Spanish Armada

Failed invasion of England by Philip II in 1588.

Religious Fragmentation

Increased division among Christian denominations in Europe.

Literacy Increase

Rise in education due to Reformation's emphasis on the Bible.

Women's Roles

New opportunities for women during the Reformation.

Zwingli

Swiss reformer who viewed the world as sinful.

German Princes

Supported Luther for independence from the Holy Roman Empire.

Pope Leo X

Excommunicated Luther in 1521.

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife, marriage annulled.

Philip II of Spain

Attempted to restore Catholicism in England.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England who maintained Protestantism.

Scientific Academies

Institutions enhancing monarchs' status through knowledge.

Opulent Displays

Extravagant shows of wealth by monarchs.

Louis XIV

French king known as the 'Sun King'.

Peter the Great

Russian czar who modernized Russia.

Reformation Spread

Protestant ideas disseminated rapidly across Europe.

Lutheran Church

Religious institution founded on Luther's teachings.

Reformed Church

Calvinist church established in Switzerland and beyond.