unit 4 world history

Trans-Oceanic Trade

global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Triangular Trade

Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Cartography

the science or the art of making maps

Joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.

Royal African Company

a mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa

Amerindians

American Indians

Italian Renaissance

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

The Medici

The Medici family was a family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Anglicanism

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Descartes

French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

Galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Magellan

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Plantation Economy

This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.

Indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Encomienda System

Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor

Hacienda System

landed estates granted to conquistadors

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Peninulares

a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies

Creoles

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Boyars

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince

Absolutism

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters

*Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

*Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.

*Ivan III

"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.

*Ivan IV

the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar

*Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

*Parliamentary monarchy

A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

Divine Rights

A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.

Versailles

A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style

European Empires in the Americans

Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark

Aztecs

a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Ming-Dynasty - China

The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Thirty Year War

a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

English Civil War

a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

*John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

*Adam Smith

a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment

*Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

7 Years War

a war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other.

French & Indian War

American version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.

Treaty of Zaragosa

A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia.

Hernan Cortes

a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's

Viceroyalties

the office, position, or authority of a viceroy

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

balance of power

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).

James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Established the Church of England in 1532.

patrons

a person who supports artists, especially financially

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Prussia

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Renaissance Man

A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.

secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Triangular Slave Trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

westernization

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

St. Ignatius of Loyola

founder of the society of jesus (jesuits)

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs