Protein Digestion & Protein Turnover

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43 Terms

1

Essential amino acids are from the _____?

diet

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2

Non-essential amino acids are from the _____?

body

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3

Non-essential amino acids are synthesized initially from ______?

glucose

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4

What are the 2 ways non-essential amino acids are synthesized?

1. Glycolysis
2. TCA Cycle

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5

What enzyme hydrolyzes proteins to smaller polypeptides in the stomach?

Pepsin

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6

What enzymes turn the polypeptides into amino acids in the small intestine?

- trypsin
- chymotrysin
- elastase
- carboxypeptidases
- aminopeptidases

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7

Amino acids are absorbed through the _________ and enter the _____?

absorbed through intestinal epithelial cells and enter the blood

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8

The inactive form of digestive protease enzymes are called?

zymogens (-ogen)

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9

Trypsinogen is activated by ________ to form active protease trypsin?

enteropeptidase

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10

Which digestive enzyme plays a key role in activating other pancreatic zymogens?

trypsin

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11

Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds with _______ groups?

carboxyl group

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12

Chymotrypsin favors residues that contain _______ amino acids?

hydrophobic

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13

Elastase cleaves ______?

elastin

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14

Carboxypeptidase A releases ______ amino acids?

hydrophobic

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15

Carboxypeptidase B releases ______ amino acids?

basic

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16

Aminopeptidases is a ______ inhibitor?

trypsin

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17

Absence of the trypsin inhibitor leads to what disease?

pancreatitis

(activation of zymogens --> digestion of intracellular pancreatic proteins)

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18

What 3 transporters are used to absorb amino acids?

1. Na+-dependent carriers
2. ATPase pump
3. Facilitated transporter

<p>1. Na+-dependent carriers<br>2. ATPase pump<br>3. Facilitated transporter</p>
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19

Na+-dependent carriers transports _____ & _____ into intestinal epithelial cell?

Na+ & amino acid

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20

ATPase pump lets _____ out of the cell?

NA+

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21

Facilitated transporter lets _____ out of the cell into interstitial fluid?

amino acids

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22

During starvation, the _______ takes up amino acids from the ______ to use as an energy source

facilitated transporter
blood

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23

What is a deficiency of protein in a diet called?

Kwashiorkor

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24

What are some effects of Kwashiorkor?

- muscle wasting
- decreased concentration of plasma proteins
- fluid retention
- permanent effects on growth & mental ability

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25

Protein is a _____?

fuel

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26

If their carbon skeletons can be converted to a precursor of glucose then it's a ______ amino acid?

glucogenic

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27

If their carbon skeletons can be converted directly to acetyl CoA or acetoacetate then it's a ______ amino acid?

ketogenic

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28

What are the products of glucogenic amino acids?

- glucose
- CO2

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29

Glutamate --> _________ --> ________ --> glucose

glutamate --> alpha-ketoglutarate --> malate --> glucose

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30

Glutamate is used for synthesis of what 4 things?

- glutamine
- proline
- ornithine
- arginine

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31

What are the products of ketogenic amino acids?

- acetoacetate
- acetyl CoA

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32

What enzyme synthesizes tyrosine?

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

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33

What coenzyme synthesizes tyrosine?

tetrahydro biopterin (BH4)

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34

BH4 & tyrosin hydroxylase are required for synthesis of ________?

catecholamines

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35

BH4 & trypotphan hydroxylase are required for synthesis of _______?

serotonin

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36

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder resulting from loss of gene coding for _______?

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

<p>Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)</p>
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37

PKU will (drop/raise) phenylalanine concentration?

raise

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38

What are the symptoms of PKU?

- jerky movements in the arms & legs
- mental retardation
- lighter skin & eyes

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39

Albinism is a defect in ______ metabolism?

tyrosine (tyrosinase deficient)

<p>tyrosine <strong>(tyrosinase deficient)</strong></p>
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40

What are some symptoms of albinism?

- hypopigmentation
- vision defects
- photophobia
- increase risk for skin cancer

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41

Alkaptonuria is a deficiency in ____?

homogentisic acid oxidase

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42

Alkaptonuria will (increase/decrease) homogentisic acid?

increase

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43

What are the symptoms of alkaptonuria?

- early onset of arthritis
- black urine
- black pigment in cartilage & collagenous tissue

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