APES Oceans in Action

mantle

liquid layer of molten magma surrounding the core, kept liquidifed by the heat of the core

asthenoshphere

layer of the earth that is the outer part of the mantle and is composed of semi-molten rock

lithosphere

layer of rock floating on top of the mantle

convection cycles of magma

magma is heated by earths core and rises towards the lithosphere, the magma cools into new lithosphere, rising magma cools thene xpands forcing oceaninc plates apart

divergent plate boundary

plates move away from each other, rising magma plume from the mantke foces the plates apart, forms mid-oceanic ridges, volcanoes, seafloor spreading and rift valleys

convergent plate boundary

plates move towards each other and collide creating a great deal of pressure, leads to subduction as one plate is forced beneath the other, forms mountains, islands arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes

transform fault plate boundary

plates slide past each other in opposite directions, forms earthquakes

transform faults and earthquakes

plates sliding past each other in opposite directions, the rough edges get stuck on each other pressure builds as the plates keep sliding until stress overcomes the locked fault

age structure diagrams

visual representations of the number of individuals within specifc age groups for a country divided into males and females

age cohorts

groups of similarly aged individuals, the size difference between pre-reproductive and reproductive indicates growth

TFR

aberahe number of children a woman in a population will bear during her lifetime, higher tfr means a higher birth rate and population

replacement level fertility

the TFR required to offset deaths in the population and maintain a stable population size, about 2.1 in developed countries, higher in less developed countries due to high infant moralitiy

infant mortality rate

number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in the population, higher in less developed countries due to lack of resources, high IMR results in a higher TFR due to families having more children to replace the ones they lost

factors that result in IMR decline

access to healthcare, access to proper nutriion and a reliable food supply, access to clean water

demographic transition

the theory that as a coutnry moves from a preindustrialized economic system it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

phase one DMT

slow population growth/pre-industrialization, high IMR and death rate due to lack of access to clean water, stable food supply and healthcare, high TFR due to lack of access to education for women and contraceptives for family planning, litte to no growth because high CBR and high CDR balance

phase 2 DMT

rapid population growth, modernization brings access to clean water, healthcare, and stable food supply, IMR and CDR decline, TFR remains high due to lack of education for women and family planning, rapid growth due to high CBR and declining CDR

phase 3

modernized economy and society increases family income, TFR declines due to education opprotunities for women, delayed age of marraige, and first child to focus on career and access to contracpetoves, slowing growth as CBR drop closer to CDR

phase 4

highly modernized countries that are affluent, TFR declines even further as families become wealthy and spend more time on education and career pursuits, increased wealth and education brings even more prevalent use of family planning and contraception, CBR drops lower than the CDR and growth becomes negative as the population declines

streams and rivers

flowing water from underground springs or runoff from rai/melting snow, streams have a small volume of water, few plants or algae so dependent on surrounding biomes to provide organic matter through fall in, rate of water flow determines the oxygen concentartions of water that supports the fish species

lakes and ponds

standing water with at least a portion too deep to support emergent vegetation, lakes are larger than ponds, lakes are divided into specific zones with based on accesss to sunlight, o2, and organic matter

how are lakes classified

oligotrophic:low primary productivity, mesotrophic: moderate, eutrophic: high

wetlands

shallow enough to allow for emergent plant growth but submerged or saturated with water for at least part of the year, swamp, marshes, bogs

ecosystems services from wetlands

absorbs large amounts of rain and recharges groundwater, filters pollutants, bird habitat for migration and breeding

marshes/marshlands

located near the coast and typically associated with an estuarty, extremley productive due to nutrient rich matter brought by the river resulting in abundant plant and algae life

ecosystem services for marsh

offering protective enviornment for larval stages of fish and shellfish, filtering contaminants out of water

mangroves

found in tropical coasts and contain trees with roots submerged in water, mangrove trees are salt tolerant and are often found in estuaries, nutrient rich due to falling leabes and trapped organic matter

mangrove ecosystem service

protecting the coastline from erosion and storm damage, acting as a habitat for fish and shellfish

intertidal zones

the narrow band of coastline between the high tide and low tide resulting in unstable conditions, organisms are exposed to direct sunlight, high temps, and desiccation plut have crashing wabes that can carry them away,

open ocean

deep ocean water, where sunlight can not reach the bottom, away from the shoreline, this depth varies but is around 650

photic zone

recieves enough sunlight for photosynthesis with phytoplankton as major producers

aphotic zone

lack sufficent sunlight for photosynthesis resulting in chemosynthesis by bacteria that can gain energy form the bonds of methane and hydrogen sulfide

benefits from freshwater and marine biomes

serves as habitats for countless species, regulate climate by keeping water and atmopsheric conditions stable

freshwater biome

filters our drinking and irrgation water

marine biome

support billions of photosynthetic phytoplankton supplying large portion of earths oxygen, absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmopshere

habitat islands

protected habitats that are surrounded by less hospitable areas due to human acitivities, national, state, local parks

why does richness increase as habitat size increase

dispersing species are more likely to find larger habitats, larger habitats can support more species and larger populations of each species, larger habitats contain a wider range of enviornmental conditions allowing for more speciation

distance and richness for species biodiversity

the greater the distance between a habitat and the orginal location the lower the species richness, only few species can disperse great distances, especially true for oceanic islands

coral reefs

a mutualistic relationship between coral and photosynthetic algae

what is the mutualistic relationship between coral and algale

the algae provides the sugar and the coral supplies the co2 and detrius

purpose of coral reefs

support more species per unit area than any other marine enviornment, protect coastlines from storms and erosion, support commerical and subsistence fisheries

how does temperature affect coral

the algae have a narrow temperature of tolerance and leave the reef when the temperature rises, coral loose color and becomes vulnerable without algae providing the main food source

the affect of oil spills

hydrocarbons in crude oil are toxic marine organisms, especially if ingested or absorded through gill/skin, decreases visibility, oil sticking to birds feathers

how to clean up oil spills

boom on the surface to contain the spread, ships with vaccumm tubes to siphon oil off the surface or devices to skim it off, chemical dispersants sprayed on oil slicks to break up and sink it to the bottom

oxygen saturation curve

a graph of dissolved oxygen levels vs the distance from a source of pollution, excess nutrients, biological refuse, thermal pollution

ecosystem services for wetlands

provisioning: habitat for animals and plant foods, regulating: groundwater rechanrge, absorption of flood water, co2 sequestration, Supporting: water filtaration, pollinator habitats, nutrient cycling, pest control, Cultural: Toruism revenue

threats to wetlands

polllutants (nutrients, sediment, mototr oils) Development, Water diversion, overfishing

why is ocean acidification

this process reduces carbonate ion availablity in the ocean, which is necessary for calcifiers to build shells and skeletons

what is the effects of ocean acification

shellfish and coral damage, habitat loss, foob web disruption, economy

what are the effects of the fishery collapse

causes 90% of the fish population to die, decreased biodiveristy, loss of genetic diveristy in a population, loss in income for fishers