21st Century Literature

Literature

comes from the litera, which means letters

Literature

is also a collection of significant humanexperiences. It is anything that is both oral and written.

poetry, prose, and drama

Three major genres of literature

· Based on oral traditions

· Crude on ideology

Pre-Colonial Period Characteristics:

· Oral Literature/Oral Lore

· Folk Songs

· Folk Tales

Pre-Colonial Period Literary Forms:

Riddles

Proverbs (Salawikain)

Tanaga

Oral Literature/Oral Lore

Riddles

- battle of wits among participants.

- Tigmo (Cebu), Paktakon (llonggo), Patotdon (Bicol)

Proverbs (Salawikain)

wise saying that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food for thought.

Tanaga

mono-riming hepta syllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life.

Folk songs

It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people's lifestyles as well as their loves.

Hele or oyayi

Ambahan (Mangyan)

Kalusan (Ivatan)

Tagay (Cebuano and Waray)

Kanogan

Folk songs

Bata, Huwag Kang Magdamdam" (Child, Do Not Be Sad)

This traditional lullaby often encourages children to be brave and to trust in their families, especially their mothers.

"Nayon, Nanay" (Village, Mother)

This lullaby speaks of a time when children will grow up and find their place in the village, often with a strong emphasis on their mother's love.

Ambahan (Mangyan)

7 syllable per line poem that are about human relationships and social entertainments

Kalusan (Ivatan)

work songs that depict the livelihood of people. ongs sung by field workers, rowing boatmen, or lumberjacks

Tagay (Cebuano and Waray)

drinking song

Kanogan

song about lamentations for the dead.

Myths

Legends

Fables

Fantasti Stories

Epics

Folk Tales

Myths

explain how the world was created and talks about gods and other deities.

Legends

explain the origin of things

Fables

used animal as characters in the story

Fantasti Stories

deals with underworld character

Epics

stories about heroes on a quest or with super human abilities.

· Religious and secular

· Introduces Spanish as Medium of Communication

Spanish Colonization Characteristics:

· Religious Forms

· Secular

Spanish Colonization Literary Forms:

Religious Forms

Religious by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.

Pasyon

Senakulo

Religious Forms

Pasyon

long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. "Ang Mahal na Pasyon ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin" by Gaspar Aquino de Belen is the most popular

Senakulo

dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ.

Awit

Korido

Prose Narratives

Secular (non-religious) Literature

Awit

colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting

Korido

metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains

Prose Narratives

written to prescribe proper decorum/poper behaviour.

Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos

Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog

Addressed the masses instead of the "intelligentsia"

NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD Characteristics:

· Propaganda

· Revolutionary

NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD Literary Forms:

Propaganda Literature

Reformatory in objective

Political Essays

satires, editorials and news articles were written to attackand expose the evils of Spanish rule

Diariong Tagalog

founded by Marcelo del Pilar

La Solidaridad

La Solidaridad

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

Jose Rizal's masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution

Revolutionary Literature

more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete independence for the country

Political Essays

helped inflame the spirit of revolution

Kalayaan

newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto

Poetry True Decalogue

Apolinario Mabini

Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas

Andres Bonifacio

Liwanag at Dilim

Emilio Jacinto

Period of Apprenticeship

Filipino Writers imitated English and American models

Poems

written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial.

Dead Stars

Paz Marquez Benitez

The Key

Paz Latorena

Footnote to Youth

Jose Garcia Villa

Child of Sorrow

first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang

Period of Emergence

Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism

Short Stories

most prevalent literary form

Jose Garcia Villa

earned the international title "Poet of Century"

Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino

compilation of the story contest by the military government.

Suyuan sa Tubigan

Macario Pineda

Lupang Tinubuan

Narciso Reyes

Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa

Liwayway Arceo

1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay

2. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques

3. Literary "giants" appeared

Period of Maturity and Originality

i.Jose Garcia Villa

ii.Nick Joaquin

iii.NVM Gonzales

iv.Bienvenido Santos

v.Gregorio Brillantes

vi. Gilda Cordero Fernando

Palanca Awards for Literature

i.Jose Garcia Villa

ii.Nick Joaquian

National Artist Award

1. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the pres

2. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship

3. Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.

4. From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation.

CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD Characteristics:

Paz Latorena

- January 17, 1908

- Boac, Marinduque, Philippines

- October 20, 1953 (45)

- Mina Lys (pseudonym)

- Small Key, Christmas Tale (Short Stories)

- Insight, My Last Song (Poetry)

Paz Marquez Benitez

- Born in the year of 1894 in Lucena, Quezon

- Died in 1983

- Authored the first Filipino modern English language short story, Dead Stars, published in the Philippine Herald in 1925

Jose Garcia Villa

- August 5, 1908 in Manila

- Died in February 7, 1997

- He used the penname Doveglion, based on the characters he derived from himself.

- He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature in 1973.

- He is known to have introduced the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marks—especially commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet.

- Footnote to Youth (Short Story), Fragment (Poetry),

Arturo Belleza Rotor

- June 7, 1907-April 9, 1988

- was a Filipino medical doctor, civil servant, musician, and writer.

- Zita, The Wound and the Scar, Confidentially, Doctor (Short Stories)

Manuel Arguilla

- June 17, 1911 in Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union

- August 30, 1944

- was an Ilokano writer in English, patriot, and martyr.

- He is known for his widely anthologized short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife," the main story in the collection How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife, Midsummer and Morning in Nagrebcan.

- On August 5, 1944, he was captured and tortured by the Japanese army at Fort Santiago.Beheaded, Manila Chinese Cemetery, August 30, 1944

Carlos Bulosan

- November 24, 1913 in Binalonan, Pangasinan

- Died in September 11, 1956 (aged 42) Seattle, Washington, United States

- America is in the Heart (novel)

Alberto Florentino

- July 28 1931

- His most famous works are "The World is an Apple" and "The Dancers" both are plays

Kerima Polotan Tuvera

- December 16, 1925 in Jolo, Sulu

- was a Filipino fiction writer, essayist, and journalist.

- The Virgin (Short Story), The Hand of the Enemy (novel)

Nick Joaquin

- _________ was born in May 4, 1917 in Paco, Manila- He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila.

- Joaquín was conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature.

- He wrote largely about the Spanish Colonial period and the diverse heritage of the Filipino people.

- A woman with Two Navels (novel), Summer Solstice/Tatarin, Mayday Eve.

NVM Gonzales

- Néstor Vicente Madali González was a Filipino novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet.

- September 8, 1915 in Romblon, Romblon

- November 28, 1999

- Children of the Ash-covered Loam, The Tomato Game, The Bread of Salt, Bamboo Dancers.

Francisco Sionil Jose

- December 3, 1924, Rosales, Pangasinan

- He's one of the multi awarded fictionist whose works have been translated into several languages: Russian, Latvian, Ukraine, Dutch, Indonesian, and Ilocano.

- Rosales Saga, Gagamba, Ermita.

- José was born in Rosales, Pangasinan, the setting of many of his stories.

- Sionil José also owns Solidaridad Bookshop

Lualhati Bautista

- 2 December 1945, Tondo, Manila.

- Her novels include Dekada '70, Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa?, and 'GAPÔ.