AMSCO: 3.3-3.4

How did different belief systems endure or change during the period from 1450-1750?

How did different belief systems endure or change during the period from 1450-1750?

Protestant/Roman Catholic Church:
- Changed when Europe shifted from feudalism to centralized governments
- Reforms were made in an effort to stop corruption
- Theological disagreements: John Wycliffe was disliked by people for translating the Bible into English and for arguing that priests were unnecessary for salvation, Hussites were looked down for heresy (going against the general opinion), and Huldrych Zwingli Campaigned in Geneva for religion that specifically followed the scripture and disregarded developed customs
- Power of Church declined during the Babylonian Captivity, when the office of the pope was in France and not Rome and the Church was unable to stop the Black Death
- Branches of Protestantism rose: <b>Lutheran</b>, <b>Calvinism</b>, <b>Anglicanism</b>

Orthodox Church: -<b>Counter-Reformation</b>
- Many people in Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies became catholic because they followed the lead of the home country's religion
- Charles V was no longer ruler of the Holy Roman Empire because he was unable to stop the spread of Lutheranism
- Religious division led to wars (<b>Peace of Augsburg</b>, <b>Edict of Nantes</b>, <b>Thirty Years War</b>)

Islam: - The Ottomans were initially controlled by the Byzantine Empire, which was eastern Orthodox, but then besieged Constantinople and became Islam and developed the <b>shariah</b>
- The Safavids were Shi'a Islam and denied Sunni, creating conflict between Ottomans and Safavids
- Akbar of the Mughal Empire accepted all religions (gave money to Hindus and Muslims, for a Catholic Church in India, and provided land for <b>Sikhism</b>, a new religion)
- Akbar gave Hindus government roles and married Hindu women
- Akbar invited Catholic priests to Delhi so he could learn about Christianity
- Tried to establish Din-i Ilahi (divine faith) to reconcile Islam and Hinduism

By what methods did empires increase their societal and cultural influence from c. 1450-c. 1750?

China: - <b>Civil service exam</b>
- Mansa in Songhai
- <b>Ming collection of "hard currency"</b>
- Conversion to Islam of Songhai rulers and noble class provides a religious and legal structure to the empire
- Portraits of the Qing emperors and other high officials

Ottomans: - <b>Janissaries</b>
- <b>Devshirme</b> system
- Taxes on non-Muslims
- Taxes on peasants
- Warriors were granted villages
- Military acted as dual authority with the central government
- Strong navy
- <b>Ottoman tax farming</b>
- Miniature paintings in the Ottoman Empire

Safavids: - <b>Ghulams</b>
- Shah would enlist a class of bureaucrats from the Persian population
- Taxation policies used to encourage adherence to Shi'a Islam
- Leaders made the military independent of central government
- No significant navy

Mughals: - Taxes on unbelievers were abolished by Akbar but reinstated later
- Taxes on peasants
- Warriors were granted villages
- Zamindars made military independent of central government
- Small navy
- <b>Zamindar tax collection</b>
- Taj Mahal

Incas: - Federal system of provinces by nobles loyal to the emperor
- Nobles oversaw political structure that was divided on the basis of a decimal system

Aztecs: - Less centralized and bureaucratic
- Tributary empire
- Controlled region through force, fear, and intimidation
- <b>Aztec tribute list</b>
- Aztec (Mexica) use human sacrifice in religious rituals

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Simony

The selling of church offices

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

King Henry VIII

Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce. Wanted to divorce his wife because she was unable to give him a male heir and wanted to marry Anne Boleyn instead. Was excommunicated by the Pope.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation and revitalized the concept of universal monarchy

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Holy Synod

Composed of clergymen overseen by a secular official who answered to the tsar and replaced the patriarchy

Counter-Reformation

- Catholic Church's attempt to stop the Protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church
- Inquisition, Jesuits, Council of Trent

Inquisition

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy/punish nonbelievers, and allowed torture

Jesuits

- Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism
- Missions in Spanish Empire, Japan, and India

Council of Trent

- Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants
- Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend
- Marriage
- Sacraments improving the education of priests
- Published the Index of Prohibited Books, a list of writings that the Church banned

Philip II

- (1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598; was given Spain by his father, Charles V
- Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings
- Also sent the Spanish Armada against England, but were defeated by the English's navy
- Took Catholic crusade to the Netherlands
- Tried to conquer England

Peace of Augsburg

- A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany
- Allowed German states to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran
- People were forced to practice the state religion

Edict of Nantes

Document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Thirty Years War

- (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict
- Primarily a battle between France and their rivals the
Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire
- Developed into conflict involving European powers
- Destruction caused by troops allowed to loot
- Resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease

Peace of Westphalia

- The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
- Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
- France, Spain, Italy: Catholic
- Northern Europe: Lutheran or Calvinist
- England: Protestant
- Gave countries more self-government than before

Shariah

Strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Sufism (Islam); recognized rights of other faiths

Empiricism

- The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
- Developed by Francis Bacon
- Insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis
- Challenged tradition ideas and replaced them with ones that could be demonstrated with evidence

Mughal Zamindar Tax Collection

Appointed tax officers (zamindars) to collect taxes from the peasant class based on land and production

Ottoman Tax Farming

- Tax farmers payed an annual fixed sum of money for an area to the central government and then recoup the outlay by collecting money or salable goods from the residents of the area
- Janissaries were paid through this by collecting more money than they paid out

Aztec Tribute List

- Yearly offerings/tributes
- Valued products or people (people were used for human sacrifices)

Ming Collection of "Hard Currency"

- Paper currency
- Led to counterfeiting and hyperinflation
- Later made taxes paid in rice, then silver coins (hard currency)

Janissaries

- Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan
- Ottoman
- Preserved the power of the Ottoman sultan
- Often recruited from minority religions in the empire (ex: slaves from Christian areas)

Ghulams

- Arabic word for "servants" used to describe slave-soldiers of the Abbasid, Ottoman, and Safavid empires; loyal to the Sultans
- Protected the Safavid shah from rival clans
- Often recruited from minority religions in the empire
- Georgian, Armenian, Circassian

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

Calvinism

- Calvinists were encouraged to work hard and to put what they got back from working hard into investments
- Viewed their work ethic as righteous living that allowed them to become secular leaders
- The various reforms were known as <b>Protestant Reformation</b>

Protestantism

Religions born of protests to the practices of Catholicism

Civil Service Exam

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

Mansa

Employed bureaucrats from the scholarly class educated in the schools of Timbuktu

Devshirme

The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.