Introduction

Comparative Anatomy

Study of similarities and differences in external and internal parts of domestic animals.

Macroscopic Anatomy

Study of animal parts visible to the naked eye.

Histology

Study of animal parts visible with a microscope.

Osteology

Study of bones.

Arthrology/ Syndesmology

Study of joints and articulation.

Myology

Study of muscles.

Splanchnology

Study of visceral organs.

Aesthesiology

Study of special senses (eyes and ears).

Angiology

Study of the cardiovascular system.

Neurology

Study of the nervous system.

Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of life.

Cell Adaptation

Changes made by a cell in response to environmental changes.

Atrophy

Qualitative decrease in the size of a cell.

Hypertrophy

Qualitative increase in the size of a cell.

Hyperplasia

Quantitative increase in the number of cells.

Metaplasia

Transformation of one type of tissue to another.

Anaplasia

Reversion of the cell into its primitive form/type.

Dysplasia

Abnormality in size, shape, or orientation of a cell.

Neoplasia

Abnormality in cell structure and mitotic division; hallmark of tumor and cancer.

Protoplasms

Substances that build a cell.

Water

Makes up 70-85% of cell mass; principal fluid medium.

Protein

Comprises 10-20% of cell mass; most abundant substance next to water.

Structural Protein

Fibular proteins that provide support.

Globular Protein

Composed of individual protein molecules.

Carbohydrates

Has little to no structural function but provide most nutritional requirements of the cell.

Glucose

Simplest form of carbohydrates for cellular metabolism and energy production.

Glycogen

Storage form of carbohydrates, stored in liver and skeletal muscles.

Lipid/Fats

Comprise 2% of cell mass; includes phospholipid and cholesterol.

Triglycerides

Storage form of lipids in fat cells.

Electrolytes

Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions.

Cations

Positively charged ions

Anions

Negatively charged ions

= PO4-

= Cl-

= SO4-

= HCO3

Negatively charged ions

= Ca++

= Na+

= K+

= Mg++

Positively charged ions