Comparative Anatomy

• Focused on similarities and differences of external and internal parts of the following domestic animals:

• Horse

• Ox/ Cattle

• Sheep

• Goat

• Pig

• Chicken

• Dog

• Cat

Main Branches of Anatomy

1. Gross/ Macroscopic Anatomy - Animal parts visible to the naked eye.

2. Histology/ Microscopic Anatomy - Animal parts that are visible with the aid of a microscope.

Sub-branches of Anatomy

1. Osteology - study of bones

2. Arthrology/ Syndesmology - study of joints and articulation.

3. Myology - Muscles

4. Splanchnology - study of visceral organs 

5. Aesthesiology  - study of special senses (eyes and ears).

6. Angiology - study of the cardiovascular system.

7. Neurology - study of the nervous system.

Cell

• Basic structural and functional unit of life.

Cell Adaptation

• Changes made by a cell in response to adverse or varying environmental changes such as physical, chemical, or toxic.

1. Atrophy - Qualitative decrease of the size of a cell.

2. Hypertrophy - Qualitative increase of the size of a cell.

3. Hyperplasia - Quantitative increase of the number of cells.

4. Metaplasia - Transformation of one type of tissue to another.

5. Anaplasia - reversion of the cell into its primitive form/type.

6. Dysplasia - abnormality in size, shape, or orientation of a cell.

7. Neoplasia - Abnormality in cell structure and mitotic division.

• hallmark of tumor and cancer.

Protoplasms

• Substances that builds a cell

• WATER- Makes up 70-85% of cell mass. It is the principal fluid medium.

• PROTEIN -  10-20%. It is the most abundant substance next to water.

Two types of proteins:

1. Structural protein - fibular proteins

2. Globular protein - composed of individual protein molecules

• CARBOHYDRATES - Has little structural function but provides most of the nutritional requirements of the cell.

1. Glucose - simplest form of carbohydrates for cellular metabolism and energy production.

2. Glycogen - Storage form of  carbohydrates.  It is stored in liver and skeletal muscles.

• LIPID/ FATS - 2%  of cell mass. Phospholipid and cholesterol.

1. Triglycerides - storage form of lipids in fat cells.

• ELECTROLYTES - Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions.

1. Cations - Positively charged ions such as Na+ (sodium), K+(potassium),  Mg++(magnesium), Ca++(calcium)

2. Anions - Negatively charged ions such as Cl-(chloride), PO4-(phosphate), SO4-(sulfate),   HCO3 (bicarbonate)