Nutrition Chapter 1

Nutrients

compounds used for energy and building body parts

Essential Nutrients

cannot be made by the body must be eaten

List the main reason people eat what they eat

Taste, habit, heritage, social reasons, availability, convenience, economy, religious views, political views, environmental views, body image, true nutrition

List 6 classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), Vitamins, minerals, and water

Value of Carbohydrates

4 calories/gram

Value of Proteins

Four calories/gram

Value of Fats

9 calories/gram

Energy density

The number of calories versus the weight of the food. Vitamins do provide energy they help enzymes do their job they are co-enzymes

whole food

contains all its naturally occurring parts such as an apple

partitioned food

Contains only some of its naturally occurring parts or is mixed with other parts of other foods such as a peeled apple

processed food

are subject to any procedure during preparation

enriched/fortified food

contains added nutrients

supplement

nutrient added to the doet at 50% of the RDA or greater

staple food

food that is used daily or frequently

functional foods

are those that provide some particular health benefit also called nutraceuticals

phytochemical

found in foods that usually have some sort of health benefit

organic

containing carbon; no artificial items

inorganic

not containing carbon; artificial additives

RDA

average amount per day that is adequate for most people

DRI

recommended amount to support health often the same as the RDA

USRDA

Percentages designed for food labels (daily value)

AI

estimated amount needed because there is not yet enough evidence to determine the exact amount

UL

tolerated by most

FAO

Achieving food security for all. To make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. Raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and contribute to the growth of the world economy.

WHO

Assist governments with health services Assist in national emergencies Control disease Improve nutrition, housing, sanitation Coordinate health research Help set international standards

Healthy People

National program that establishes health goals and policies for government actions

Nutritional genomics

a new field about now food and genes interact

45-65% Carb

20-35% Fat

10-35% Protein

Case Studies

Studies of individuals

Epidemiology Studies

Studies of groups or populations

laboratory studies

studies of animals, cells, or molecules

Experimental group

individuals that receive the experimental treatment

Control group

individuals that receive a fake treatment or no treatment

Placebo

a fake treatment

blind studies

individuals that do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group

double blind studies

the investigators and the patients do not know if they are receiving the experimental or controlled treatment

variables

factors that change

validity

being grounded in fact or evidence

correlation

a direct relationship

anecdote

a personal experience and not always reliable

theory

an explanation that matches the finding and data

professional journals

published articles that are sent to them by researchers. Written by medical doctors or people with PhD and require peer review

fraud

conscious deceit

iatrogenic

an illness that is physician induced

ADA

American Dietetic association

CDA

Canadian Dietetic association

MS

Master of Science requires two years of coursework and research after college

PhD

Doctor of philosophy requires four years of coursework and research after college and a comprehensive set of exams

MD

Doctor of Medicine four years of coursework and clinical work after college and a comprehensive set of  exams

RD

registered dietitian requires completing an ADA approved college program and a national exam and internship program

accreditation

approval by a professional organizations listed with the US department of education

registration

belonging to a professional group

correspondence school

gives credits for degrees by mail or internet

diploma mills

sells certification simply for a fee

clinical ecologist

uses unconventional methods to treat allergies; nutrients, psychic activites, and unusual drugs

iridologist

using the iris of the eye to diagnose illness

naprapath

uses massage to treat illness; helps if the patient has symptoms due to muscle stress

orthomolecular psychiatrist

use vitamins to treat mental illness