Bio 153 Lab Practical

Tissue

a group of cells found together in the body

Epithelial Tissue

epithelium, sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands

Connective Tissue

binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body

Muscle Tissue

excitable, responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement. Occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle (located in the heart)

Nervous Tissue

excitable, allows for the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Vascular tissue

Innermost layer of a plant

What is the vascular tissue composed of?

xylem, phloem, and vascular cambium

What does the xylem do?

transports water and nutrients absorbed from the roots to the rest of the plant

What does the phloem do?

transports energy in the form of glucose and other elements produced by photosynthesis to the rest of the organism

\-In trees this includes sap

What does the Vascular cambium do?

a lateral meristem that gives rise to the secondary xylem and phloem

Where are plant cells formed?

at meristems, and then develop into cells types which are grouped into tissues

What is Dermal Tissue?

composed of epidermal cells, closely packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss

What is Ground Tissue?

comprises the bulk of the primary plant body. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common in the ground tissue

What is Vascular Tissue?

transports food, water, hormones and minerals within the plant. Includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells

What is parenchyma?

A type of generalized plant cell, alive at maturity. Function in storage, photosynthesis, and as ground and vascular tissues

What is the the Xylem?

woody walls of certain cells of plants. Tend to conduct water and minerals from roots to leaves

What is Phloem?

conduct food from leaves to the rest of the plant. Alive at maturity. Usually located outside the xylem

What are companion cells?

retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells

What are sieve cells?

cells in which dissolved food flows through as sucrose

What is Epidermal Tissue?

functions in prevention of water loss and acts as a barrier to fungi and other invaders. Closely packed, with little intercellular space

What is Stomata?

a series of openings on the outside layer of leaf tissue. Facilitate gas exchange between the inner parts of leaves, stems, and fruits. Allow for gas exchange at a cost of water loss

What are guard cells?

bean-shaped cells covering the stomata opening. They regulate exchange of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide through the stomata.

What is Respiration?

constituted by the collective processes where oxygen is taken up from the atmosphere, delivered to body cells, and consumed, and the process of producing carbon dioxide and delivering it to the lungs for excretion into the atmosphere.

What are the three categories for respiration processes?

external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration

What is External Respiration?

mechanisms by which a person obtains oxygen from the external environment and eliminates carbon dioxide into the external environment

What is gas transport?

mechanisms used to distribute oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from cells

What is internal respiration?

chemical reactions of cellular metabolism in which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced

How is the volume of air a person inspires and expires measured?

spirometer

The resultant record of volume change vs. time is called a spirogram

What are SSVS, FEV, and MVV?

Single Stage Vital Capacity

Forced Expiratory Volume

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation

How do bronchodilators affect FEV?

increases the diameter of the airway and increases FEV

How would asthma affect MVV?

it would decrease MVV because of increased resistance and reduction of airway diameter

Pulmonary Circuit

through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

Systemic circuit

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide

Heart is sometimes referred to as a dual pump and contains three types of cells:

Rhythm generators, Conductors, Contractile cells

Rhythm generators

produce an electrical signal (SA node or pacemaker)

Conductors

spread the pacemaker signal

Contractile cells

myocardium, mechanically pump blood

What do pacemaker cells do?

start the electrical sequence of depolarization and repolarization

The sinoatrial node (SA node) generates the electrical signal which spreads to the ventricular muscle via particular conducting pathways:

Internodal pathways and atrial fibers

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Bundle of His

Right and left bundle

branches

Purkinje fibers

Systole

When the depolarization signal reaches the contractile cells, they contract

diastole

When the repolarization signal reaches the myocardial cells, they relax

Electrical events of the heart are usually recorded as a pattern of a baseline (isoelectric line) broken by:

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

Isoelectric line

a point of departure of the electrical activity of depolarizations and repolarizations of the cardiac cycles and indicates periods when the ECG electrodes did not detect electrical activity

Interval

a time measurement that includes waves and/or complexes

Segment

a time measurement that does not include waves and/or complexes

In the normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract before the ventricles. What measurement in the ECG represents this?

P Wave

Which components of the ECG are measured along the isoelectric line?

waves, segments, and intervals

Which component of the ECG can be used to give us the Beats per Minute?

R-R interval

What is the effect of increasing the duration of the R-R Interval on BPM?

it would decrease the BPM

How do negative feedback systems work? How do positive feedback systems work?

Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.

Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state.

How does a negative feedback system differ from a positive feedback system?

The difference between negative and positive feedback systems is that in negative feedback systems, the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems, the response enhances the original stimulus.

Which is more common negative or positive feedback systems in mammals?

negative feedback

Hormone relation to organs: targeting, secretion, and why we need to do that.

Endocrine glands make chemicals called hormones and pass them straight into the bloodstream. Hormones can be thought of as chemical messages. From the blood stream, the hormones communicate with the body by heading towards their target cell to bring about a particular change or effect to that cell.

What is the purpose of kidneys?

cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine

What ‘methods’ did we use in lab to diagnose kidney diseases?

urine test, blood test

What were the test used to conduct hearing tests?

the Rhine test, Hertz test, Weber test,

What are the structures of the ear and what task do they preform?

cochlea- contain hair cells that allow us to hear

semicircular canals- hair cells that help maintain balance

How do sensory organs turn outside stimulus into messages our brain can interpret?

Sensory signals first enter the brain through the thalamus (except for olfaction, which bypasses this area). From there, it is routed to a sense-specific area of the cortex. Cortical areas, in turn, send signals to the brain's "association areas," which combine information from multiple senses.