2.0 Networking

What is FTP (File Transfer Portal) used for?

-Share files with users in LAN or WAN-Supports authentication, authorization, and directory browsing

What is the FTP port?

TCP 20,21

T/F - FTP is encrypted and recommended.

False (Unencrypted and not recommend, use SFTP instead)

SFTP and Secure Shell (SSH) use the same port because...

SFTP is an extension of SSH

What is Secure Shell (PuTT.Y - ex) do?

Provides encrypted remote command line access to interact with a server

What port number does Secure Shell use?

TCP 22

What did SSH version 2 add?

SFTP and SCP support

What is Telnet used for?

Provides remote command line access to interact with a server

t/f - Telenet is still used as its very secure.

False (Use SSH instead)

What port number does telenet use?

TCP 23

What are the three mail protocols?

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Across Protocol)

What does SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) do?

Sends outgoing mail to a server

What is the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) port number?

TCP 25

What does DNS (Domain Name Services) do?

-Resolves Domain name to IP addresses (Google.com -> Numbers)-Provides name to IP address resolution for host

What is DNS (Domain Name Services) port number?

TCP/UDP Port 53

What does DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Port) do?

-Provides various configurations to clients in an IP network via broadcast-Gives out IP addresses in a network

What are the DHCP port numbers?

UDP 67 is the server port, UDP 68 is the client port

What is HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) used for?

Transmitting webpages insecurely

What is the port number for HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)?

TCP 80

What is HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) port number?

TCP 443

What is HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) used for?

Used to securely transmit encrypted webpages using SSL or TLS

What does POP3 (Post Office Protocol) do?

Downloads incoming mail from server

What is POP3 (Post Office Protocol) port number

TCP 110

What does NetBios (Network Basic Input/ Output System)

Provides various network communication features in a Windows Network. (Basically share files between Windows Machines)

What does IMAP (Internet Message Across Protocol) do?

Synchronizes incoming mail from a server

What is IMAP (Internet Message Across Protocol) port number?

TCP 143

t/f - IMAP (Internet Message Across Protocol) and POP3 (Post Office Protocol) can be used together?

False (One or the other only).

What does SNMP (Simple Network Managment Protocols) do?

Used to query, configure, and monitor host in a LAN

What is the SNMP (Simple Network Managment Protocols) port number?

UDP 161/162

SNMPv3 provides what?

Encrypted communication

What does LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Portal) do?

Used in domain network environment to facilitate system and user management (What makes your directory work)

What port does LDAP use?

TCP/UPD 389

What is CIFS (Common Internet File System)?

Open implementation of SMB used on Linux and macOS

What is the port for CIFS/SMB?

TCP 445

What does RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)

Used to securely remotely access a Windows desktop

What is the port number for RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)?

TCP 3389

TCP is... (DHCP,TFTP)

-Reliable-Connection-Oriented-Virtual Circuit-Sequenced-Uses Acknowledgements-24-60 bytes (high over turn)

UDP is... (DHCP, TFTP)

-Unreliable-Connectionless-No virtual circuit-Unsequenced-No acknowlegments-8 bytes (light weight)-Giving only, doesn't check if data is received

What does DNS (Domain Name Services) do?

-Resolves Domain name to IP addresses (Google.com -> Numbers)
-Provides name to IP address resolution for host

What does DNS Records A do?

Resolves a name to IP address

What does DNS Records AAAA do?

Resolves a name to a IPv6 address

What does TXT DKIM (Domain Keys ID Mail) do?

Provides authentication of mail (through domain) being sent to help prevent scams/spam

What does DNS Records TXT SPF (Sender Policy Framework) do?

Sender policy framework list of hostnames/IPs and IPv6 addresses that mail can be sent from

What does TXT DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance) do?

-Spam management that combines DKIM and SPF in one framework and offers more control over what the user can do with spam email.
-spoofing and phishing by verifying the authenticity of emails, allowing domain owners to take back control of their email identity and manage how receiving email servers handle emails that fail authentication

What do DHCP reservations do?

-To bind a MAC address to a IP address.
-Allows DHCP to consistently assign the same IP to a device without having to manually configure a static IP address

What is lease time in DHCP?

How long an IP address is "owned" by a host before it is assigned to another host

What does available leases do for scope in DHCP?

Identify how many addresses are still available from the scope

Scope (DHCP)

Information provided outside the IP address and the subnet mask issued by the DHCP server, such as the default gateway, DNS server address, or domain name.

VLAN is...

-Virtual local network-Any network that is portioned and isolated in a computer switch at the data link layer or by switches.
-Separate subnet
-Separates network traffic

VPN is...

-Virtual Private Network-Creates a secure tunnel to a private network over the Internet -Required to access resources in a LAN over the internet

What does DNS Records MX do?

Resolves a name to a mail exchanger (email server)

What are the types of wireless internet connections?

- Satellite- Cellular- Wireless Internet serviceprovider (WISP)

Satellite connection

-Widely available and might be the only option for those in rural areas-High latency makes it unusable for VOIP, video streaming, and only gaming

Satellite connection requirements

Dish connected to a receiver via coax and a clear view of space

Cellular connection

Uses a provider's cellular network for connectivity.

Cellular connection requirements

Within the 4G/LTE or 5G coverage and mobile device with a cellular radio installed

WISP (Wireless Internet Services Provider)

Provides internet to smaller areas where cable or fiber services aren't available via radio tower

What are the wired connections?

-DSL
-Cable
-Fiber

DSL (digital subscriber line)

Broadband service that operates over the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

DSL requirements

-DSL modem
- DSL filter/spiltter must be used to prevent noise when connecting a telephone to a DSL Line

How do copper cables work for internet connection?

Uses the DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) standard to deliver Internet over coax

Fiber cable

Internet from fiber optic cable (FIOS etc.)

What are fiber cable requirements for internet connection?

ONT (Optical Network Transceiver) converts the fiber cable from the provider to twisted pair to connect to a router

LANs

-Private networks found in home, offices, etc.
-Vary in size

Examples of LANs

-SOHO Network
-Enterprise/Corporate Networks

WANs (Wide Area Network)

Used when a organization needs to connect their office on one side of the world to another

What is an example of a public WAN?

The internet

What is an example of a private WAN link?

Site-to-site connection

PAN (Personal Area Network)

-Small networks typically made up of two devices
-Can be wired or wireless

MANs (metropolitan area networks)

Network within a metropolitan area that are often privately owned and managed by organizations that use them

SANs (Storage Area Network)

-Built to store data
-Network consists of high speed fiber links and large storage servers

What is the conversion for decimal to binary?

-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-Bits 1 or 0
-Using the numbers to add up to the decimal which you then tick each number as 1 and 0 for the number not included (Left to right)
-Ex - 26 = 11010 (16+8+4(0)+2+1(0)

IPv4 strucutre

X.X.X.X
X= 8 bits
32 bits todal

IPv4 1x =

1-223

Ipv4 2x-4x

1-255

IPv4 Class A (1st octent, # of hosts, and subnet mask)

1. 1-126
2. 16.7 million
3. 255.0.0.0

IPv4 Class B (1st octent, # of hosts, and subnet mask)

1. 128-191
2. 65 thousand
3. 255.255.0.0

IPv4 Class C (1st octent, # of hosts, and subnet mask)

1. 192-223
2. 254
3. 255.255.255.0

Nonroutable/Private IPv4 addresses A-C 1st and last address

A: 1. 10.0.0.0, Last - 10. 255.255.255
B: 1. 172. 16.0.0, last 171. 31. 255.255
C: 1. 192.168.0.0, last 192. 168.255.255

What does subnet determine?

How big the network is and how many computers can be in that network

IPv6

-XXXX:XXXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX
-First 64 bits is the prefix - already assigned to you (First 4)
-4th entry of the prefix contains the subnet ID (16 bits)
-Interface ID is the last 64 bits and is unique and can be assigned by you
-8 blocks with 16 bits each
-Written as a hex

Condensing a IPv6

1. Drop the leading zeros in a field
2. Note 4 zeroes with a single 0
3.Drop group of 4 zeros and note them with a :: (can only be done once)

IPv6 APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

-Every IPv6 host will have a link-local address
-An automatic IP address self-assigned by a host when DHCP isn't available

What is the link local address for IPV6?

FE80::/10

What is a static IP?

An IP address that is assigned specifically and does not change
-Better for enterprises

What is a dynamic IP?

A temporary address for devices connected to a network that continually changes over time
-Better for home networks

What is a gateway IP?

Private IP assigned to the router

What does DNS (Domain Name Services) do?

-Resolves Domain name to IP addresses (Google.com -> Numbers)-Provides name to IP address resolution for host

What is DNS (Domain Name Services) port number?

TCP/UDP Port 53

t/f - Routers can usually provide DNS (Domain Name Services).

False (DHCP (Dynamic Host Confiuguration Protocol)

Server Roles provided by network hosts 1-8

DNS, DHCP, Fileshare, Print Servers, Mail Servers, Syslog, Web servers, AAA (Authentication , Authorization ,and accounting)

What is a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server?

Gives out IP address on a network

What is a fileshare?

Share files and folders on a network

What do print servers do?

Shares printers, manages

What do mail servers do?

Allows users to connect and send and receive email

What does Syslog do?

Receives logs from devices in a network

What do web servers do?

Serves web pages using the HTTP or HTTPS protocol

What is AAA in server roles?

-Authentication
- Ensures you are the correct person - passwords, key cards, biometrics---Authorization
- Ensure you can access the right data
- usually done with file permission
-Accounting - Keeps track of what users are doing in their network

What are spam gateways?

Keeps spam from entering your emails

What is Unified Threat Management (UTM)?

Combination of antimalware, firewall, and intrusion detection system (IDS)