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3 broad functions of nutrients
energy, regulation of body processes, and structure
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
What part of the small intestine does the majority of the digestion and absorption occur?
Jejunum
What does a Macronutrient do?
provide energy for the body
What does a micronutrient do?
don’t provide energy but do assist with regulating body processes and providing structures.
Types of Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats/Lipids, Water*
why is water not exactly a macronutrient?
Water is needed in large amounts for the body to maintain homeostasis but it does not yield any energy or carbon.
Types Micronutrients
Vitamins, Minerals
Function of Carbohydates
Provides Energy
Function of Protein
Promotes growth and Maintenance
Function of Fat/Lipids
Provides and stores energy
Function of Vitamins
regulates biochemical processes, antioxidants
Function of Minerals
regulates biochemical regulation, provide structure
Function of Water
Regulates temperature and provides lubrication
Nutrients that provide energy
Carbohydrates, Fat/Lipids, Protein, Alcohol
How much energy do carbohydrates yield?
4 kcal/gram
How much energy do proteins yield?
4 kcal/gram
How much energy do fats/lipids provide?
9 kcal/gram
Components of a well-designed clinical research study
Have an experimental group
Have control group
Use a placebo
are double-blind
are randomized
Clinical nutrition research is small
What is a DRI?
Dietary Reference intake; They are used to assess and improve the nutritional status of Americans
Interpret food consumption records of populations
Establish standards for food assistance programs and plan school menus
To establish guidelines for nutrition labeling
What are the types of DRIs?
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
Adequate Intake (AI)
Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL)
Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)
What is Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).
Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular age, sex, and life-stage group
Why is Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) important?
Used for research and policy creation
What is Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?
Average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular age, sex, and life-stage group. The RDA is based on the EAR of that nutrient.
Why is Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) important?
The RDA is used for diet planning for individuals and is the foundation of the DRI.
What is Adequate Intake (AI)?
An intake (not a requirement) that is likely to exceed the actual requirements of almost all individuals in age, sex, and life-stage group; established when scientific evidence is not sufficient to determine an RDA
Why is Adequate Intake (AI) important?
Used for healthy individuals for nutrients with no RDA. Calculated for infants; based on intakes of babies fed breast milk (with the exception of Vitamin D)
What is Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL)?
The highest average daily nutrient intake level is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for nearly all people in a particular age, sex, and life stage group.
Why is Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL) important?
In response to potentially toxic levels of nutrients consumed (dietary supplements or consuming foods with nutrients added to them).
Used to set safe limits for foods added to food and water.
What is Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)?
The level above which intake reduction is expected to reduce chronic disease risk within an apparently healthy population
Specifically for sodium and potassium
What is Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)?
General recommendations for how many calories a person should consume in a day that are based on certain factors.
What factors influence the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)?
Age, Gender, Height, Weight, Level of physical activity
what are the 3 components of a healthy eating plan?
Balance, Variety and Moderation
What makes a food Nutrient Dense?
Nutrient content of food relative to its calorie
Foods provide more nutrients per kilocalorie (serving) than less nutrient-dense
Types of Nutrient dense foods
Lean meats, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood
What makes a food Energy Dense?
Foods are higher in energy but low in weight or volume
Typically, they have more calories and fewer nutrients (vitamins/minerals)
What makes a food have Empty Calories?
Calories that have little or no nutrient content
Some foods that are energy-dense may also be considered empty calories
Types of food with Empty Calories
soft drinks, alcohol, junk food, pastries
What are the 4 components of food safety guidelines?
Clean, Separate, Cook, Chill
Who regulates food?
The Food and Drug administration (FDA) and The Food Safety Inspection Service.
What does the FDA do?
Ensures the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, food supply, biological products, and medical devices.
What does the Food Safety Inspection Service do?
Primary food safety regulatory agency within USDA for domestic and imported products
Eggs (products), raw meat and poultry, and processed meat and poultry
What is the 2020-2025 dietary guidelines?
A guideline released by the USDA and the US Department of Health and Human Services is released every 5 years to improve the quality of American diets.
Based on research that showed which foods were overconsumed by Americans
Provides guidance for all types of lifestyles (preg to old)
Provides more specific nutrition-focused goals and recommendations
What is MyPlate?
A daily plan provided by the USDA for food intake.
What are the 5 food groups in MyPlate?
Vegetables, Fruits, Grains, Dairy, Protein
What is Healthy People 2030?
A set of government objectives that include dietary and health goals targeted at improving the overall health of the U.S. population
Who collaborated together to help create Healthy People 2030?
scientists, federal and state agencies, and public feedback
What are the primary goals of Healthy People 2030?
Attain healthy, thriving lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death
Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy
Create social and physical environments that promote good health
Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being through lifespan
Engage leadership, constituents, and public to take action and design policies to improve the health of all
What are the different types of label claims on food?
Health, Nutrient Content, Structure/Function
What is a Nutrient Content food label claim?
Claims approved by the FDA
Describe the level of a nutrient in a food item
What is a example of a Nutrient Content food label claim?
Free” – sugar-free, fat-free, etc.
“Low” – low-fat, low-sodium, etc.
“Lean” and “extra lean”
“High”
“Good Source”
“Reduced” or “less”
What is a Structure/Function food label claim?
Describe an association between a nutrient or food component and the structure or function in the body
Do not need to be pre-approved by the FDA
Must include a disclaimer on the label
Commonly seen on dietary supplements
What is a Health food label claim?
Statements made about a product that link it or some of its ingredients to a reduced risk of disease
Must be FDA-approved
3 types
What are the 3 types of Health food label claims?
Authorized, Qualified, Authoritative
What is a Authorized Health claim?
Supported by extensive scientific evidence and experts in the scientific community (must submit to FDA); There are only 12 authorized health claims
What are examples of an Authorized health claim?
Calcium and osteoporosis
Vegetable and fruit intake and cancer
Dietary sugar and dental cavities
What is a Qualified Health claim?
Supported by scientific body of experts and based on emerging scientific evidence
What are examples of a Qualified Health claim where the claim is greater than the evidence which suggests that the claim is invalid?
Antioxidant vitamins and cancer
Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease
What is a Authoritative Health claim?
Claims backed and requested by body of scientific experts with the U.S. government (CDC) or the National Academy of Sciences
Wording in claims must contain "may"
What is an example of a Authoritative health claim?
Whole-grain foods may reduce the risk of heart disease
What are the different factors that influence food choices? (10)
Taste, Habit, Environment, Culture and tradition, Family, Finances, Convenience, Media influence (Marketing), Age, Health Issues
What are the 2 types of Malnutrition?
Undernutrition and Overnutrition
What is Undernutrition?
inadequate amounts of specific nutrients
What is Overnutrition?
too much of a specific nutrient
What are some examples of nutrition-related diseases? (5)
Osteoporosis, Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity, Heart Disease
What is digestion?
the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body can be both chemical and mechanical, primarily in the small intestine
What is absorption?
the movement of digested nutrients across the wall of the digestive tract and into the bloodstream, allowing the body to utilize them for energy and building blocks
Primary Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum
Function of the Rectum
store and release of fecal matter
Function of Large Intestine
propulsion, absorption of water and sodium, preparation of waste for defecation
Function of the Small Intestine
primary site of digestion and absorption
What are in the gastric juices of the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Pepsinogen and hormone gastrin
Function of the Stomach
Mechanical digestion
Mixes food with gastric secretions
Liquifies food into chyme
1-4 liter capacity
Chemical digestion
Entrance of food stimulates the production of gastric juices
Function of the Esophagus
Bolus formed
Swallow food and move through
Peristalsis occurs
Function of the Mouth
Where the digestive process begins
Mechanical digestion
Chewing, Mixing, Swallowing
Chemical digestion
Saliva is added to help lubricate food
Enzymes are released
Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder
Function of the Gallbladder
Stores and releases bile, assists in the digestion of fats
What does alkaline bicarbonate do?
It neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
Function of the Pancreas
Secretes alkaline bicarbonate and produces insuline
Function of the Liver
Produces Bile and aids in fat digestion
Function of the Salivary Glands
release saliva and salivary amylase to help aid in the chemical digestion in the mouth
What are the 5 taste sensations?
Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami
What typically tastes of Umami?
Savory, MSG, Tomatoes, Cheese, Meats
Salivary amylase
breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth
Pancreatic amylase
Breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine
Lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and Monoglycerides
What does Mucus do?
Protects lining of stomach from HCl
What does Hydrochloric acid (HCL) do?
Denatures proteins, Liquifies food, Activates pepsin and lingual lipase, helps iron absorption
What does Intrinsic factor do?
Essential for absorption of B1
What does Pepsinogen do?
Proenzyme that converts to active prom pepsin by stomach acid
Important for Protein Digestion: Breaks proteins into shorter chains
What is a peptic ulcer?
Erosion that occurs in the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine
Common cause of peptic ulcers?
Heliobacter pylori or H. pylori
Common environmental causes of Peptic Ulcers
regular aspirin use, excessive alcohol use and smoking
3 primary sphincters of the digestive system
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Pyloric sphincter
Ileocecal valve
Where is the Pyloric Sphincter?
Stomach to Small Intestine
Where is the Ileocecal valve?
Separates ileum from the cecum of the large intestine
Prevents reflux of waste into the small intestine
What is Constipation?
difficulty having bowel movement
Why does Constipation develop?
low fiber, not enough exercise, medication, dehydration, ignoring the urge to defecate, disease
What is Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)?
Pain that forms in the chest when stomach acid refluxes back into the esophagus.
How does GERD develop?
overweight, pregnancy, hiatal hernia (stomach pushing on esophagus), diet
