NUTR 202 Exam 1

3 broad functions of nutrients

energy, regulation of body processes, and structure

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

What part of the small intestine does the majority of the digestion and absorption occur?

Jejunum

What does a Macronutrient do?

provide energy for the body

What does a micronutrient do?

don’t provide energy but do assist with regulating body processes and providing structures.

Types of Macronutrients

Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats/Lipids, Water*

why is water not exactly a macronutrient?

Water is needed in large amounts for the body to maintain homeostasis but it does not yield any energy or carbon.

Types Micronutrients

Vitamins, Minerals

Function of Carbohydates

Provides Energy

Function of Protein

Promotes growth and Maintenance

Function of Fat/Lipids

Provides and stores energy

Function of Vitamins

regulates biochemical processes, antioxidants

Function of Minerals

regulates biochemical regulation, provide structure

Function of Water

Regulates temperature and provides lubrication

Nutrients that provide energy

Carbohydrates, Fat/Lipids, Protein, Alcohol

How much energy do carbohydrates yield?

4 kcal/gram

How much energy do proteins yield?

4 kcal/gram

How much energy do fats/lipids provide?

9 kcal/gram

Components of a well-designed clinical research study

• Have an experimental group

• Have control group

• Use a placebo

• are double-blind

• are randomized

• Clinical nutrition research is small

What is a DRI?

Dietary Reference intake; They are used to assess and improve the nutritional status of Americans

• Interpret food consumption records of populations

• Establish standards for food assistance programs and plan school menus

• To establish guidelines for nutrition labeling

What are the types of DRIs?

• Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

• Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

• Adequate Intake (AI)

• Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL)

• Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)

What is Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).

Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular age, sex, and life-stage group

Why is Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) important?

Used for research and policy creation

What is Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?

Average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular age, sex, and life-stage group. The RDA is based on the EAR of that nutrient. 

Why is Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) important?

The RDA is used for diet planning for individuals and is the foundation of the DRI.

What is Adequate Intake (AI)?

​​An intake (not a requirement) that is likely to exceed the actual requirements of almost all individuals in age, sex, and life-stage group; established when scientific evidence is not sufficient to determine an RDA

Why is Adequate Intake (AI) important?

Used for healthy individuals for nutrients with no RDA. Calculated for infants; based on intakes of babies fed breast milk (with the exception of Vitamin D)

What is Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL)?

The highest average daily nutrient intake level is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for nearly all people in a particular age, sex, and life stage group.

Why is Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL) important?

• In response to potentially toxic levels of nutrients consumed (dietary supplements or consuming foods with nutrients added to them).

• Used to set safe limits for foods added to food and water.

What is Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)?

• The level above which intake reduction is expected to reduce chronic disease risk within an apparently healthy population

• Specifically for sodium and potassium

What is Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)?

General recommendations for how many calories a person should consume in a day that are based on certain factors.

What factors influence the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)?

Age, Gender, Height, Weight, Level of physical activity

what are the 3 components of a healthy eating plan?

Balance, Variety and Moderation

What makes a food Nutrient Dense?

• Nutrient content of food relative to its calorie

• Foods provide more nutrients per kilocalorie (serving) than less nutrient-dense

Types of Nutrient dense foods

Lean meats, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood

What makes a food Energy Dense?

• Foods are higher in energy but low in weight or volume

• Typically, they have more calories and fewer nutrients (vitamins/minerals)

What makes a food have Empty Calories?

• Calories that have little or no nutrient content

• Some foods that are energy-dense may also be considered empty calories

Types of food with Empty Calories

soft drinks, alcohol, junk food, pastries

What are the 4 components of food safety guidelines?

Clean, Separate, Cook, Chill

Who regulates food?

The Food and Drug administration (FDA) and The Food Safety Inspection Service.

What does the FDA do?

Ensures the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, food supply, biological products, and medical devices.

What does the Food Safety Inspection Service do?

• Primary food safety regulatory agency within USDA for domestic and imported products

• Eggs (products), raw meat and poultry, and processed meat and poultry

What is the 2020-2025 dietary guidelines?

A guideline released by the USDA and the US Department of Health and Human Services is released every 5 years to improve the quality of American diets.

Based on research that showed which foods were overconsumed by Americans

Provides guidance for all types of lifestyles (preg to old)

Provides more specific nutrition-focused goals and recommendations

What is MyPlate?

A daily plan provided by the USDA for food intake.

What are the 5 food groups in MyPlate?

Vegetables, Fruits, Grains, Dairy, Protein

What is Healthy People 2030?

A set of government objectives that include dietary and health goals targeted at improving the overall health of the U.S. population

Who collaborated together to help create Healthy People 2030?

scientists, federal and state agencies, and public feedback

What are the primary goals of Healthy People 2030?

• Attain healthy, thriving lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death

• Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy

• Create social and physical environments that promote good health

• Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being through lifespan

• Engage leadership, constituents, and public to take action and design policies to improve the health of all

What are the different types of label claims on food?

Health, Nutrient Content, Structure/Function

What is a Nutrient Content food label claim?

• Claims approved by the FDA

• Describe the level of a nutrient in a food item

What is a example of a Nutrient Content food label claim?

• Free” – sugar-free, fat-free, etc. 

• “Low” – low-fat, low-sodium, etc. 

• “Lean” and “extra lean”

• “High”

• “Good Source”

• “Reduced” or “less”

What is a Structure/Function food label claim?

• Describe an association between a nutrient or food component and the structure or function in the body

• Do not need to be pre-approved by the FDA

• Must include a disclaimer on the label

• Commonly seen on dietary supplements

What is a Health food label claim?

• Statements made about a product that link it or some of its ingredients to a reduced risk of disease

• Must be FDA-approved

• 3 types

What are the 3 types of Health food label claims?

Authorized, Qualified, Authoritative

What is a Authorized Health claim?

Supported by extensive scientific evidence and experts in the scientific community (must submit to FDA); There are only 12 authorized health claims

What are examples of an Authorized health claim?

• Calcium and osteoporosis

• Vegetable and fruit intake and cancer

• Dietary sugar and dental cavities

What is a Qualified Health claim?

Supported by scientific body of experts and based on emerging scientific evidence

What are examples of a Qualified Health claim where the claim is greater than the evidence which suggests that the claim is invalid?

• Antioxidant vitamins and cancer

• Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease

What is a Authoritative Health claim?

• Claims backed and requested by body of scientific experts with the U.S.  government  (CDC) or the National Academy of Sciences

• Wording in claims must contain "may"

What is an example of a Authoritative health claim?

Whole-grain foods may reduce the risk of heart disease

What are the different factors that influence food choices? (10)

Taste, Habit, Environment, Culture and tradition, Family, Finances, Convenience, Media influence (Marketing), Age, Health Issues

What are the 2 types of Malnutrition?

Undernutrition and Overnutrition

What is Undernutrition?

inadequate amounts of specific nutrients

What is Overnutrition?

too much of a specific nutrient

What are some examples of nutrition-related diseases? (5)

Osteoporosis, Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity, Heart Disease

What is digestion?

the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body can be both chemical and mechanical, primarily in the small intestine

What is absorption?

the movement of digested nutrients across the wall of the digestive tract and into the bloodstream, allowing the body to utilize them for energy and building blocks

Primary Organs of the Digestive System

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum

Function of the Rectum

store and release of fecal matter

Function of Large Intestine

propulsion, absorption of water and sodium, preparation of waste for defecation

Function of the Small Intestine

primary site of digestion and absorption

What are in the gastric juices of the stomach?

• Hydrochloric acid

• Mucus

• Pepsinogen and hormone gastrin

Function of the Stomach

• Mechanical digestion

  • Mixes food with gastric secretions

  • Liquifies food into chyme 

  • 1-4 liter capacity

• Chemical digestion

  • Entrance of food stimulates the production of gastric juices

Function of the Esophagus

• Bolus formed

• Swallow food and move through

• Peristalsis occurs

Function of the Mouth

Where the digestive process begins

• Mechanical digestion

  • Chewing, Mixing, Swallowing

• Chemical digestion

  • Saliva is added to help lubricate food

  • Enzymes are released

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder

Function of the Gallbladder

Stores and releases bile, assists in the digestion of fats

What does alkaline bicarbonate do?

It neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach

Function of the Pancreas

Secretes alkaline bicarbonate and produces insuline

Function of the Liver

Produces Bile and aids in fat digestion

Function of the Salivary Glands

release saliva and salivary amylase to help aid in the chemical digestion in the mouth

What are the 5 taste sensations?

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami

What typically tastes of Umami?

Savory, MSG, Tomatoes, Cheese, Meats

Salivary amylase

breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth

Pancreatic amylase

Breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine

Lipase

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and Monoglycerides

What does Mucus do?

Protects lining of stomach from HCl

What does Hydrochloric acid (HCL) do?

Denatures proteins, Liquifies food, Activates pepsin and lingual lipase, helps iron absorption

What does Intrinsic factor do?

Essential for absorption of B1

What does Pepsinogen do?

• Proenzyme that converts to active prom pepsin by stomach acid

• Important for Protein Digestion: Breaks proteins into shorter chains

What is a peptic ulcer?

Erosion that occurs in the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine

Common cause of peptic ulcers?

Heliobacter pylori or H. pylori

Common environmental causes of Peptic Ulcers

regular aspirin use, excessive alcohol use and smoking

3 primary sphincters of the digestive system

• Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

• Pyloric sphincter

• Ileocecal valve

Where is the Pyloric Sphincter?

Stomach to Small Intestine

Where is the Ileocecal valve?

• Separates ileum from the cecum of the large intestine

• Prevents reflux of waste into the small intestine

What is Constipation?

difficulty having bowel movement

Why does Constipation develop?

low fiber, not enough exercise, medication, dehydration, ignoring the urge to defecate, disease

What is Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)?

Pain that forms in the chest when stomach acid refluxes back into the esophagus.

How does GERD develop?

overweight, pregnancy, hiatal hernia (stomach pushing on esophagus), diet