History Test 4 - Warfare

Definition of war

a conflict that cannot be resolved peacefully; 1000+ casualties; average citizen has no control over it

Interstate War

between 2 states

Intrastate War

civil war

Unconventional War

foreign resistance power against other

Limited War

a war with limited arms and aims (not to take over a whole place)

Criminal Violence

by an organized group for power

Terrorism

unlawful use of violence against citizens

Sectarian conflict

a conflict between groups within a community

Reasons for war

1)Human nature/differences/self-protection 2)Exploitation 3)Dominance/superiority complex/control 4)ideologies

Historical trends regarding warfare

War=less common since 1945 b/c fear, rare to have wars between super-powers (proxy wars increase), sharp increase in civil war (decolonization, borders being drawn, etc.)

Criteria of Jus ad Bellum (6)

J-SLAB: Just intention, Success chance, Last resort, Authority, Benefits>costs

Criteria of Jus in Bello (4)

Proportionality, Necessity, Distinction, Avoid Suffering

Definition of terrorism

an act of violence aimed at a group using asymmetrical power, indiscriminately, not just war

Causes of terrorism

not being heard, disagreement with beliefs/ideology, lack of numbers/tech/support, last resort/poverty, revenge, power, a sense of community/accomplishment

Asymmetrical power

when one group is at a significant disadvantage compared to another, often involving the element of surprise as an advantage

Goals of Terrorism

related to ideological change - superiority, and creating of “the other” 

Financing terrorism

ransom ware, individual donors, Hawalas (transfer of cash), mining

Cost of terrorism to affected societies

stricter security, fear, discrimination against certain groups, lost lives, invasion of the middle east that took money, lives, and time

Different kinds of terrorism

religious, political, domestic, state-sponsored, global, nationalist

The Troubles

carried out by the IRA and PIRA in attempt to gain catholics in North Ireland more rights

IRA

Irish Republican Army - a group that formed in Ireland to get independence from Britain

State-sponsored terrorism

terrorism that is promoted, funded, and run by the state, and directed against people of the state (certain groups/parts)

Stalin as an example of state-sponsored terrorism

indoctrination, five year plans, secret police, common enemy, Great Purges of 1934-1938

Mujahideen

Religiously conservative “freedom fighters” to fight against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan

Al Qaeda

A terrorist organization that formed from the Mujahideen after they/The Taliban got control of Afghanistan - wants to end western involvement in the Middle East, establish a Caliphate (religious state) and are led by Osama Bin Laden and al Zahawari

Taliban

formed from the Mujahideen, most conservative or extreme form of Islam, won the civil war and gained control of Afghanistan

Different ways of responding to terrorist attacks and threats

military warfare, prevention - tighter security, building up society, removing temptations, improving education, stable gov., economic support

Public Memory

how an event is remember by a community (collective memory) - always contested and never uniform (competing versions, opinions)

Commemoration of wars

memorials created by the public but approved by the gov., curriculum through education system. Many opinions formed through media