COMBUSTION 7-10

Petrol

was first used in the late 19th century when internal combustion engines were developed. Has become the primary fuel for vehicles worldwide.

refining crude oil

It is not invented by

one person but produced through what?

Edwin Drake in 1859

The first successful oil drilling was done by____ in ____, which made crude oil widely available.

Nikolaus Otto

Invented the 4-stroke engine in 1876

Karl Benz

built the first practical petrol-powered car in 1885.

Petrol

also known as gasoline, is a liquid fuel made from refining crude oil.

early 20th century

The widespread use of petrol started in what Year? with rise of automobiles, making it a key driver of industrialization and economic growth.

hydrocarbons

The fuel composition of petrol (gasoline) is mainly what?

Crude oil

is a natural fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient plants and marine organisms that were buried under layers of sediment millions of years ago.

Refinery

Once crude oil is extracted from underground or under the sea, it is sent to a?

Transportation Fuel

Small Engines

Aviation

Industrial Use

Household Use

Give Main Applications of Petrol 

Crude Oil

Petrol is produced from___. Which is extracted from the ground and transported to refineries.

1876

What year did Nikolaus Otto made 4 stroke engine?

1885

What year did Karl Benz built first petrol Car?

Fuel Knocking

Happens when fuel ignite early causes “pinging” sounds.

Kerosene

Also known as paraffin, is a type of liquid fuel that has been widely used for lighting, cooking, heating, and even in aviation.

Abraham Gesner

Kerosene was Discovered in 1846 by Canadian geologist

Abraham Gesner,

Found a way to produce kerosene through the distillation of coal. Later, it was learned that kerosene could also be obtained from petroleum.

crude oil and shale oil

main sources of kerosene, which are refined in large factories through a process called

fractional distillation

refined in large factories through a process called

Kerosene

It is a thin, clear liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbon can be extracted from coal, oil shale, and wood, it is primarily derived from refined petroleum.

Britannica (2025)

kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Its chemical composition depends on its source, but it consists of 10 different hydrocarbons.

petroleum chemicals

Kerosene is extracted from a mixture of what?

Crude Oil Extraction

It is the production process of Kerosene Crude oil is extracted from underground reservoirs through drilling

Crude Oil Preparation

It is the production process of Kerosene Extracted crude oil contains impurities like water, salt, and particles, which are removed in the desalting and dehydration

Atmospheric Distillation

It is the production process of Kerosene, Which is the main stage in kerosene production.

Purification and Quality Improvement

It is the production process of Kerosene, after distillation, kerosene undergoes hydrotreating to remove impurities like sulfur compounds.

Storage and Distribution

It is the production process of Kerosene, where kerosene is stored in large tanks before being distributed.

Lighting

Cooking

Aviation Fuel

Industrial

Military

Applications of Kerosene

Natural Gas

(Also called Fossil Gas or just Gas) is non-renewable fossil fuel, naturally occurring Hydrocarbon Gas Mixture consisting primarily of methane.

Natural Gas

It is considered one of the cleanest-burning fossil fuels

Ancient China (500 BCE)

It was first used Where bamboo pipelines transported gas to boil seawater.

United States (1821)

Commercial use Began in ____? yr. ____

Lee Twomey (1933)

patented a process to liquefy natural gas for storage.

Texas state Government

Mandated a rotten egg smell mercaptan to a natural gas after a school explosion.

Methane and Ethane

Main Composition of natural gas

SEISMIC SURVEYS

It is a part production process of natural gas, create and measure seismic waves in the earth

DRILLING

It is a part production process of natural gas, and this is the most common method used.

COMPLETION AND PRODUCTION

It is a part production process of natural gas, Once drilling is complete, the well undergoes completion operations to prepare it for production.

Hydrogen

The lightest and simplest element in the entire periodic table

diatomic gas (H₂)

In its natural form, hydrogen usually exists as a?

Hydrogen

is the most abundant element in the universe. It’s found in Stars and the Sun, Water, and Organic compounds.

Paracelsus (1500’s)

noticed that when metals reacted with acids, they produced a flammable gas

Henry Cavendish (1766)

The official discovery of hydrogen is credited to him— an English scientist, in 1766.

Henry Cavendish (1766)

He first to recognize hydrogen as a distinct substance and called it “inflammable air” because it burned easily.

Antoine Lavoisier (1783)

A French chemist who gave the element its modern name — “hydrogen.”

water

“Hydro” means

creator or former

“Genes” means

H2

What is the chemical Identity of Hydrogen?

electrolysis

split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It is a process that can be separated from water through a process called?

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR).

The most common way to get hydrogen today is from natural gas through

Biomass

Hydrogen can also come from

Hydrogen

one of the cleanest fuels because when it burns, it only produces water (H₂O) no harmful gases.

Thermochemical Processes

processes use heat and chemical reactions to release hydrogen

Partial Oxidation

Hydrocarbons are partially burned with limited oxygen to form hydrogen

Biomass

is heated with steam or oxygen to produce a gas mixture