Unit 8 : Oxygenation

Oxygenation

The process of delivering oxygen to cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body.

Respiration

The gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli and capillaries.

Ventilation

The mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Pulmonary ventilation

The process of breathing, which includes inspiration and expiration.

Tachypnea

Abnormally rapid breathing.

Atelectasis

The collapse of alveoli, leading to reduced gas exchange.

Pleura

The two-layered membrane surrounding the lungs.

Hypoxemia

Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Tests that measure lung volume and capacity.

Pulse oximetry

A non-invasive method to monitor the oxygen saturation of a person's blood.

Non-rebreather mask

A type of mask used to deliver high concentrations of oxygen.

Oxygen toxicity

A condition resulting from the inhalation of oxygen at concentrations greater than 50% for prolonged periods.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a group of lung diseases characterized by airflow obstruction.

Incentive spirometry

A device used to encourage deep breathing and lung expansion.

Expectorants

Medications that help clear mucus from the airways.

Alveoli

Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins; site of gas exchange.

Carbon dioxide transport

The process of carrying carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Ciliary action

The movement of cilia to sweep mucus and debris out of the airways.

Diaphragm

The muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in breathing.

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen, facilitating oxygen transport in the blood.

Hyperventilation

Excessive rapid breathing that can lead to decreased carbon dioxide levels.

Hypoventilation

Inadequate ventilation leading to an increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in oxygen.

Bronchi

The large air passages that lead from the trachea to the lungs.

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of bronchi leading to the alveoli.

Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs, affecting gas exchange.

Thorax

The part of the body between the neck and diaphragm; housing the lungs and heart.

Respiratory rate

The number of breaths taken per minute.

Chronic bronchitis

A form of COPD characterized by chronic cough and mucus production.

Asthma

A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi, causing difficulty in breathing.

Ventilation-perfusion ratio

The ratio of air reaching the alveoli to blood flow in the capillaries; important for efficient gas exchange.

Respiratory acidosis

A condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide, leading to blood acidity.

Respiratory alkalosis

A condition that occurs when there is excessive loss of carbon dioxide leading to blood alkalinity.

Inhalation

The act of breathing in air into the lungs.

Exhalation

The act of breathing out air from the lungs.

Spirometer

A device used to measure air capacity in the lungs.

Hypoxia

Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues despite adequate blood supply.

Intercostal muscles

The muscles located between the ribs that assist with breathing.

Ventilator

A machine that helps patients breathe when they cannot do it effectively on their own.

Respiratory distress

A condition characterized by difficulty breathing and inadequate oxygenation.

Transpulmonary pressure

The difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure, essential for lung inflation.

Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse.

Parenchyma

The functional tissue of the lungs involved in gas exchange.

Ventilation

The mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs.

External respiration

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood in the alveoli.

Internal respiration

The exchange of gases between blood and body cells.

Respiratory system

The organ system involved in breathing and gas exchange.

Trachea

The windpipe; the tube that carries air to the lungs.

Epiglottis

A flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often causing a cough.

Pneumonia

An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.

Emphysema

A form of COPD characterized by damage to the alveoli.

Chronic cough

A cough lasting more than eight weeks, often a symptom of respiratory issues.

Respiratory failure

Condition in which the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange.

Inhaler

A device used to deliver medication into the lungs, commonly used for asthma.

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

Fluorescent bronchoscopes

Tools used to visualize the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Airway obstruction

A blockage in the air passages that leads to breathing difficulties.

Hypercapnia

Excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

Pulmonary rehabilitation

A program that helps improve the well-being of individuals with lung disease.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A common virus that causes respiratory infections, particularly in infants.

Sputum

Mucus expelled from the respiratory tract.

V/Q scan

A test that shows how well air and blood are flowing in the lungs.

Chest X-ray

A radiographic image of the chest used to diagnose lung conditions.

Positive pressure ventilation

A method of assisting breathing by pushing air into the lungs.

Aerosol therapy

The administration of medication in the form of mist inhaled into the lungs.

Singulair

A medication used to manage symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Oximetry

A non-invasive method for measuring blood oxygen saturation.

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