AP World Test Chapters 15-21

What was the Ottoman Empire situated by?

The Mediterranean Sea.

Who were the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

Adolescent boys recruited, converted to Islam, enslaved, and placed in the military.

What religion primarily influenced the Ottoman Empire?

Sunni Islam.

What key architectural work did the Ottoman Empire build?

The Saint Sophia.

What was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire?

Constantinople.

What reforms marked the beginning of the Ottoman decline in the mid-17th century?

Tanzimat reforms.

Who was Mehmed II?

A key leader associated with the Ottoman Empire.

What was the Safavid Empire founded from?

Sufi mystics.

Who led the Red Heads in the Safavid Empire?

Ismâ’il.

What significant battle occurred between the Safavids and Ottomans?

Chaldiran.

Who was Abbas the Great in the Safavid dynasty?

An important leader who extended the dynasty and captured Russians.

What technology did the Safavid Empire take advantage of?

Gunpowder.

What title held the most social status in the Safavid society?

Padishah.

What were women's rights like in the Safavid Empire?

Women faced a number of inequalities in inheritance and divorce.

What led to the downfall of the Safavid Empire?

A weak successor followed by internal strife.

Who was Nadir Khan Afshar?

An attempt to reign the Safavid Empire after its decline.

Who founded the Mughal Empire?

Babur.

What significant building is associated with the Mughal Empire?

The Taj Mahal.

Who was Akbar and what did he focus on?

He took rule at 13 and focused on unification.

What was Din a-Ilahi?

A combination of Hindu and Muslim beliefs initiated by Akbar.

What significant practice did Akbar end among widows?

Sati.

What challenges did Aurangzeb face as a Mughal ruler?

Didn't receive military assist and was not up-to-date on technology.

What impact did the Asian sea trading network have on trade?

It had no central control and did not involve military forces.

What did the Portuguese attempts to conquer Asia lead to?

Gave Europeans interior access to Asian trade.

What was Batavia?

A Dutch fortress on the island of Java.

Which revolution did Francisco Madero lead in Mexico?

Rebellion against Porfirio Diaz.

What did Benito Juarez lead during La Reforma?

Resisted foreign powers and fought for independence from Spain.

Who was Emperor Maximilian?

Austrian archduke who attempted to rule Mexico and was executed.

How did Argentina's new constitution promote national unity?

Through support from Juan Bautista Alberdi.

Who initiated educational reforms in Argentina?

Domingo F. Sarmiento.

How did Brazil gain independence?

Declared by Dom Pedro I in 1822.

What social issues did Bolivia address post-independence?

Economic instability and land redistribution.

What role did Jose de San Martin play in Peru's independence?

Military leader who worked alongside Simon Bolivar.

What economic challenges faced the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

Economic dependence on European rivals and military resistance.

What significant reforms did Mahmud II implement?

Reforms based on western precedents, including military westernization.

What was the Suez Canal's significance?

Gained European interest and connected trade routes.

What were the reasons behind the Taiping rebellion in Qing China?

Internal conflict led by Hong Xiuquan aiming to topple the Qing dynasty.

What was the Boxer Rebellion's impact on the Qing Dynasty?

Highlighted the Qing's inability to resist foreign powers.

What major changes occurred in Japan during its industrialization?

Adoption of universal education and Western customs.