AP World Test Chapters 15-21

The Muslim Empires

Ottoman:

• Empire bordering the Mediterranean Sea

• Janissaries

  • Recruited as adolescent boys

  • Converted to Islam

  • Enslaved to be put in the military

  • Controlled artillery and firearms

• Ruled with a monarchy

  • Sultan

    • Luxury

    • Sometimes lead soldiers into battle

• Sunni Islam

  • Built the Saint Sophia

• Capital city of Constantinople

  • Culture thrived

  • Paintings, ceramics, carpets, and more

• Decline began in mid 17th century

  • Tanzimat reforms

  • Internal revolts

  • Too large to be maintained 

  • Reduced flow of products

• Mehmed II

Safavids:

• Founded from Sufi mystics

  • Sail al-Din

• Red Heads

  • Began involvement in battle

  • Led by Ismâ’il

    • Conquered Persia

• Chaldiran

  • Grueling battle with the Ottomans

  • Caused Tahmasp I to take rule as the shah

• Abbas the Great

  • Extended Safavid dynasty

  • Captured russians

• Took advantage of military technology 

  • Gunpowder

• Padishah 

  • Held most social status

• Warrior aristocrats had peasants to maintain their households

• Women had a number of inequalities

  • Inheritance 

  • Divorce

• Sudden decline

  • A weak successor of Abbas brought down the empire 

• Nadir Khan Afshar

  • Attempted to reign the empire

  • Failure led to the fall of the empire

Mughal:

• Founded by Babur

• Descendant of the Mongols

• Built in India

• Akbar

  • Took rule at 13

  • Focused on unification

  • Formation of Din a-Ilahi

    • Combination of Hindu and Muslim beliefs

  • Ended sati

    • The practice of burning women once widowed

• Taj Mahal

  • Architectural achievement of the Mughals

• Aurangzeb

  • Didn’t receive military assist

  • Not up to date on weapons or technology

  • Pushed for northern expansion

    • Decline of internal peace and strength

  • Loss of revenues 

Asian Transitions

• Asian sea trading network

  • No central control

  • 3 zones

  • Did not involve military forces

• Portuguese attempts to conquer Asia

  • Gave Europeans interior access to Asian trade

  • Ormuz and Goa 

• Batavia

  • Dutch fortress on the island of Java

• Dutch Trading Empire

  • Regulation of spices

  • Execution of islanders

• Mindanao

  • Resisted European conquests

• Luzon

  • Lost to the Spanish 

• Spanish and Portuguese missionaries began spreading catholicism to southern indonesian islands and filipino regions

• Ming dynasty

  • Increased agriculture

    • Caused a large increase in population

  • Popularity of overseas trade

    • Benefited those in the merchant class

  • Reliance on Scholar-Gentry

    • Only those with the highest scores were permitted to positions of importance

      • Expansive land and quality housing

  • Paintings and literature

  • Lack of protection

• Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall

  • Introduced China to western technologies

• Chongzhen

  • Ming emperor who suffered the loss of his wife

  • Committed suicide

• Japan 

  • Oda Nobunga

    • Attempted to reinstate the Ashikaga shogunate

    • Ridded of shoguns

    • Established new empire

  • Totoyomi Hideyoshi

    • Planned to expand Japan

    • Attacked Korea

  • Tokugawa Ieyasu

    • Organization of the government

    • Helped rule tho city of Edo

      • Along with his family

  • European missionary efforts failed during the time of the Tokugawa

  • Left to isolation

    • Only traded with the Dutch

    • Through island of Deshima

Industrialization and Imperialism 

Consolidation of Latin America

Mexico: 

• Francisco Madero 1910-1920

  • Rebellion against Porfirio Diaz

  • Formed a republic in place of a monarchy

• Benito Juarez 1854

  • Resisted foreign powers

  • Leader of La Reforma

  • Fought for independence from Spain

  • Constitution of 1857

• Emperor Maximillian

  • Emperor from 1864 to 1867

  • Austrian archduke

  • Thought he would save the people of Mexico

  • Executed in 1867

Argentina:

• Rid of the king’s judicial authority

• Civilized warfare against Spain

• Juan Bautista Alberd 

  • Helped to form a new constitution in 1853

  • Promotion of federalism and national unity

• Domingo F. Sarmiento

  • Initiated reforms in education

  • Contributed to Argentina’s growth and modernization

Brazil:

• Fueled by fear of social upheaval

• Invasions by Napoleon

• Royal family fled in 1807

• João VI

  • Returned to Europe as king, leaving his son as a regent

• Dom Pedro I

  • Son of João VI

  • Declared Brazilian independence in 1822

  • Maintained slavery structure

• Dom Pedro II

  • Successor of his father

Bolivia:

• Miners, peasants, and the urban middle class wished to address social and economic instability

• Redistribution of land

• Mines were nationalized

• Simon Bolivar

  • Allowed for Bolivian independence

  • Victory at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824

Peru:

• The upper class in Peru initially resisted revolution

• Jose de San Martin

  • Military leader from Argentina

  • Worked alongside Simon Bolivar, sharing his victories

Civilizations in Crisis

Ottoman:

• Inactive sultans opened a path for internal struggles and weakness

  • Allows for foreign entry

• Taxes from landowners and ayan stripped the Ottomans of financial security

  • Economic dependence on European rivals

• Janissaries

  • Resisted military reforms

• Defeat at the Battle of Lepanto

  • 1571

  • Against Spain and Venice

• Portuguese reduced trade with the Ottomans, decreasing profits from exports

• Mahmud II

  • Implemented reforms based on western precedents

  • Westernization of military

  • Establishment of a diplomatic corps

• Tanzimat reforms

  • Lasted from 1839-1876

  • Reorganized education 

  • Built telegraph systems and railways

Islamic Heartlands:

• Muhammad Ali

  • His successors failed to sustain reforms

    • Economic dependency on cotton

  • Built a European-style military force

  • Increase production of crops to boost the economy

• Khedives

  • Ruled until 1952

  • Successful, but lacked ambition and ability

• Suez Canal (1869)

  • Gained European interest

• Mahdist state

  • Ruled under Khalifa Abdallahi

    • Successor of Muhammad Ahmad

  • Controlled Khartoum and Omdurman

  • Resisted British dominance

  • Fell in 1898 to British forces

• Muhammad Ahmad

  • Given title of Mahdi, or promised deliverer

  • Claimed descent of the Prophet Muhammad

  • Controlled much of present day Sudan

Qing China: 

• Opium wars

• Defeated, weakening Qing authority

• Taiping rebellion

  • Led by Hong Xiuquan

  • Internal conflict which nearly toppled the Qing dynasty

  • Failed policies led to its collapse

    • Weakened the dynasty

• Boxer Rebellion

  • 1898-1901

  • Highlighted the Qing’s inability to resist foreign powers

• Cixi

  • Known for her ultraconservative stance

  • Modernized the navy

  • Secretly supported the Boxer Rebellion

Industrialization Outside the West

Japan

• Led to significant changes in society and culture

• Introduced universal education system

• Adoption of Western fashion, hygiene, calendar, and metric system

  • Preservation of traditional policies

    • Religion

• Zaibatsu

  • Industrial combines that expanded electrical power

• Diet

  • Japan’s new parliamentary system

  • Direct command of military

  • Appointment of ministers

• Matthew Perry

  • Sailed into the Edo Bay (1853)

  • Encouraged Japanese involvement in trade

  • End of Japanese isolation 

Russia

• Russia showed reliance on agriculture and serfdom, even through to the 19th century

• Landlords increased grain exports

  • Tightening labor obligations on serfs

• Contributions for French, German, and British industrialists

• Sergei Witte

  • Advocated for economic modernization

• Soviet Union

  • Pursued rapid industrialization

    • Centralized planning

    • Resource allocation

• Trans-Siberian railroad

  • Led Russia to coal, other natural resources

  • Europe wanted resources

The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West (CHAPTER 17)

Age of Revolutions 

• Result of enlightened ideas brought by the Renaissance

• Consisted of the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions 

• Population Revolution 

  • Caused by urbanization

American Revolution 

• Tea Act of 1773 

• Unfair taxation and poorly represented in voting matters

  • “No taxation without Representation” 

• Set up a democracy after victory 

• George Washington sat as the Chief-In-Command of the Confederate Army

• Inspired many similar revolutions that would result in democratic governments 

French Revolution 

• Louis XVI was an absolutist leader who ignored peasant demands and raised taxes multiple times   

• French was consisted into 3 Estates

  • First Estate (Clergy) 

  • Second Estate (Nobility) 

  • Third Estate (Commoners) 

    • The Third estate was taxed the highest, poorest, and biggest 

• After Louis was executed by Guillotine, Robespierre took control and led France into the ‘Reign of Terror’

• Napoleon Bonaparte would lead a coup to end the French Rebellion and largely expanded the French Empire 

• The government switched to a democracy and wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which was based of the Declaration of Independence  

The World during the Industrial Revolution

• Karl Marxx developed a new ideology called ‘marxism’ 

• America became an economic superpower

• Decline in Middle Eastern technological advancements 

• Britain manufactured cars and continues to this day  

• Primarily America had grown a more consumerized economy, promoting leisurely activities and products such as magazines 

• Feminist Movements circulating around WWI 

  • Mary Wolfstonecraft 

  • Radicalized/Liberal thoughts 

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Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order (CHAPTER 18)

The Dutch Order (Asia)

• Dutch made the first significant colonies and contact within Asian Territory 

• Maintained trading connections through taxation and tribute 

  • I.e. paying tribute to the sultanate of Mataram 

• Focused on trade rather than massive territorial expansion

• Monopoly on Indonesian spices 

• Dutch East India Company 

• Adopted local culture 

  • Social Fluidity

The British Order

• Colonized India 

  • Produce tea and opium to trade in China 

• British East India Company

• Widespread violence  

• Sepoys 

  • Hired Indian armies to serve as one for the B.E.I.C

• Raj 

  • British political establishment

  • Sparked between British and French rivalry in India 

• British Invasion of Plassey took server power away from the Mughal led by Robert Clive

  • Led to long history of violence between Sepoys and the British 

    • Sepoy Rebellion would be fought due to the breach of religious boundaries, but Sepoys would fail  

Colonies 

• Settlement Colonies established in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notable by Britain 

  • Settled by Europeans in mass numbers that wiped the native population and then claimed independence from original nation 

    • America and Australia (Also known as White Dominions)

• Tropical Dependencies were colonies governed by a small white population  

The Dutch and British in Africa 

• Tribes revolted but similar to sepoys were put down 

• One of the few notable African victories was the Zulu victory in Isandlwana 

• Boer Republics 

  • Dutch settlements founded near mines 

  • Britain took notice and invaded 

  • Boers spread throughout South Africa

• Anglo-Boer Wars fought between 1899 to 1902, resulting in British victory 

  • Long lasting effects led to the decolonization of whites in Africa