Language development

this lecture was heAVY

What is the term used for when adults simplify the child’s environment to facilitate learning?

What is the term used for when adults simplify the child’s environment to facilitate learning?

Scaffolding

What age do we see mutual eye contact and social smiling?

6 weeks post natal

At what age do we see gestures used to imitate interaction?

9 months post natal

What is the term given to when an infant communicates with one other person?

Dyadic communication

What is the term used when an infant attempts to communicate with 2 other people already conversing?

Triadic communication

Why do 9 month infants use imperative ostensive gestures?

to obtain help

Why do 9 month infants use declarative ostensive gestures?

to attract attention

Why do 9 month infants use interrogative ostensive gestures?

to ask a question (about an object)

Why do 9 month infants use phatic ostensive gestures?

to keep communication open

At what age does distal pointing begin in infants?

11-12 months

What types of communication would infants use distal pointing for?

Imperative, declarative, interrogative and informative

Why my infants use informative distal pointing?

to report to others

What is Tomasello’s (2014) evidence for distal pointing being innate to humans?

some animals understanding human pointing, great apes using distal pointing

What is some evidence for distal pointing being a learned skill?

Adults help to scaffold the development of this gestural skill

What can be seen as a red flag in linguistic development for in infants aged 8-11?

Lack of gesturing

What what point pre-natally do we see infant reactions to sound?

20 weeks

What is the evidence for neo-natal perception of language?

preference for speech over gibberish, preference of native language, preference of sounds produced by the mother

How might parents scaffold for infant perception of language?

Increase pitch and pitch contours, make speech more rhythmic

At what point can infants recognize and remember familiar words in the speech stream?

7 months

What linguistic perception ability reduces over the first year of life?

Discriminating phonemes from different languages

At what point do we see reflexive vocalizations and cooing and laughing (Non-reflexive)?

2-4 months

At what stage do we begin to see canonical babbling?

6-10 months

What are some elements of canonical babbling?

vowels, consonants and word like sounds

At what point do we see modulated babbling?

10 months onward

What are some elements of modulated babbling?

Stress and intonation patterns and overlaps with meaningful sleep

What is a good indicator for a strong future in language development?

Gesture development

What is the term given to the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately, given the social context?

Pragmatic systems

What are two ways in which infants use pragmatic systems during development?

Maintaining conversation and transition from dyadic to triadic, turn based communication

At what age do you see contextual adaptation and register use in conversation?

2 years

At what age do you see infants taking account of the listeners perspective?

4-5 years

At what age do infants master conventions in language structure?

3 years

What are the two types of of syntactic structure?

Surface and deep structure

Who came up with the Language Acquisition Device (or LAD) model?

Noam Chomsky

True or false: Chomsky states that the LAD is innate to all humans

True

What were the main points of the LAD?

LAD has innate knowledge of grammar rules, speech production and speech perception

What is some evidence for Chomsky’s LAD model?

Children learn quickly, creation of logical errors in language development and early onset of correct syntax

What is the term given to the condensing of phrases into one word?

Holophrases

At what age do we see production of holophrases?

10-18 months

At what age do we see the the beginning of a vocabulary explosion?

18 months

from 18 to 21 months what is the increase in vocabulary?

20-200 words

What is the name given to the type of speech that uses multiple words with a lack of word order?

Telegraphic speech

When do we see the introduction of telegraphic speech?

18 months onward

What age do we see 3-4 word utterances?

24-27 months

What is the term given to linguistic errors in infant speech that arise due to an application of logic?

Over-regularization

What is an example of over-regularization?

Mouse to mouses instead of mice

What is semantic under-extension?

Use of word is too categorically narrow

Example of semantic under-extension?

use of ‘dog’ for toy dog, but not the actual dog in the park

What is semantic over-extension?

Use of word is categorically too wide

Example of semantic over-extension?

Use of ‘bird’ for all flying objects

What is the vocabulary size of a 3 year old?

1000 words

At what age is the infant linguistic ability mimetic of adult quality?

5 years

What is the vocabulary size of a 6 year old?

14,000 words

At what age is the passive and conditional tense achieved?

5 years