BIO 1108 Final, Plant & Animal Diversity

Porifera

- Sponges

- No body symmetry

- Lack true tissues

- Acoelomates

- Choanocytes

Cnidaria

- Jellies, corals, anemones

- Medusazoa or Anthozoa

- True tissues

- Diploblastic

- Radial Symmetry

Platyhelminthes

- Flatworms

- True tissues

- Bilateral symmetry

- Triploblastic

- Acoelomates

- Gastrovascular cavity or no digestive tract

- Dorsoventrally flattened

Mollusca

- Snails, clams, squids, etc.

- True tissues

- Bilateral symmetry

- Triploblastic

- Coelomates

- 3 main body parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle

- Hard shell of calcium carbonate

Annelida

- Segmented worms

- True tissues

- Bilateral symmetry

- Triploblastic

- Coelomates

- Segmented body wall

Nematoda

- Roundworms

- True tissues

- Bilateral symmetry

- Triploblastic

- Cylindrical

- Pseudocoelomates

- No circulatory system

- Ecdysis (they molt/shed)

Arthropoda

- Spiders, insects, crabs, etc.

- True tissue

- Bilateral symmetry

- Triploblastic

- Coelomates

- Segmented body

- Jointed Appendages

- Exoskeleton made of chitin and protein

- Ecdysis

Echinodermata

- Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, etc.

- True tissues

- Bilateral symmetry (larvae)

- Radial symmetry (adult)

- Triploblastic

- Coelomates

- Water vascular system

- Deuterostomes

Chordata

- One hollow dorsal nerve chord

- Notochord

- Gill slits along anterior half of pharynx

- Post-anal tail

Mollusca: Gastropoda

Snails and slugs

Mollusca: Bivalvia

Clams, oysters, etc. They have two connected shells

Mollusca: Cephalopoda

Squid, octopus, cuttlefish

Mollusca: Polyplacophora

Chitons

Annelida: Errantia

Leeches

Annelida: Sedentaria

Earthworms

Arthropoda: Chelicerata

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Arthropoda: Myriapoda

Centipedes and millipedes

Arthropoda: Crustacea

Crabs, shrimp, lobsters, etc.

Arthropoda: Insecta

Insects

Echinodermata: Asteroidea

Sea stars

Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars

Echinodermata: Echinodea

Sea urchins & sand dollars

Echinodermata: Holothuroidea

Sea cucumbers

Echinodermata: Crinoidea

Sea feathers & sea lilies

Chordata: Tunicates

Only larvae have chordate traits

Chordata: Lancelets

Possess all chordate traits as an adult. Fish-like body with no backbone

Myxini

- Hagfish

- Jawless

- Rudimentary vertebrate

- Cartilaginous skull

- Notochord retained in adults

- Recently classified as vertebrate chordata

Petromyzontida

- Lampreys

- Jawless

- Rudimentary vertebrate (cartilage)

- Mostly parasitic

- Notochord retained in adults

- Notochord with cartilaginous projections

Chondrichthyes

- Sharks, rays, chimeras

- Skeleton made of mostly cartilage

Actinopterygii

- Ray-finned fish

- Ossified skeleton

- Fins supported by boney rays

Actinistia

- Lobe-finned fish

- Presence of rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in pectoral fins

Dipnoi

Lungfish

Amphibia

- Amphibians

- Limbs with digits

- Moist skin for gas exchange

- Life cycle tied to water

- Many have gills at some point

Reptilia

- Lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuataras, birds (aves)

- Scales that contain keratin

- Fertilization takes place internally

- Ectotherms

Mammalia

- Monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

- Mammary glands

- Hair

- Produce milk

- Large brains

- Differentiated teeth

Monotreme Mammals

- Platypus, echidnas

- Lay eggs

- Hair

- Produce milk

- No nipples

Marsupial Mammals

- Opossums, Kangaroos, koalas

- High metabolic rates

- Nipples

- Live young

- Pouch

Eutherian Mammals

- Placental mammals

- Longer pregnancy

- Complete development in uterus

Amniotic Egg Membranes

chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois

Chorion Membrane

Exchange gases between embryo and air

Allantois Membrane

Waste storage, gas exchange

Amnion Membrane

Encloses fluid that protects embryo, prevents desiccation

Yolk Sac

Stockpile of nutrients for embryo

Bird adaptations for flight

- No bladder

- No teeth

- Light bones

Why are birds grouped with reptiles?

More closely related to crocodilians than anything else

Tetrapods

- 4 Limbs

- Neck

- Pelvic girdle

- 365 mya

Gnathostomes

- Vertebrates with jaws

- Increased sensory abilities

- 440 mya

Lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca

Ecdysozoa

Nematoda and Arthropoda

Deuterostomia

Echinodermata and Chordata

3 major clades of Bilateria

Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia

All eumetazoa have?

True tissues

Bilateria

Animals with bilateral symmetry and 3 germ layers

Metazoa

All animals other than protozoans and sponges

What defines Animalia?

- Heterotrophic

- Multi-cellular and lack cell walls

- Most are sexual and the diploid stage dominates

The 3 Germ Layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Ectoderm

Outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

Endoderm

Innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

Mesoderm

Middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Triploblastic

Has three germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

Diploblastic

Having two germ layers.

Coelomate

True body cavity derived from mesoderm

Acoelomate

An animal that lacks a body cavity

Pseudocoelomate

An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm.

Protostome

- Mouth is formed from blastopore

- Spiral cleavage

- Determination of cells

Deuterostome

- Blastopore becomes anus

- Radial cleavage

- Indeterminate of what cells form

Vascular Plant Derived Characteristics

- Sporophytes dominate life cycle

- Transport in vascular tissue called xylem and phloem

- Well developed roots and leaves

Nonvascular Plant Derived Characteristics

- Alternation of generations

- Multi-cellular, dependent embryos

- Walled spores produced in sporangia

- Multi-cellular gametangia

- Apical meristems

Nonvascular plant phyla (3)

Hepatophyta (liverworts), Byrophyta (mosses), Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Seedless vascular plants

Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails), Lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses, quilworts)

Seeded vascular plants

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Heterosporous

A plant that produces two kinds of spores, male and female

Homosporous

Producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Vascular Leaf Types

Microphyll, megaphyll, sporophyll

Microphyll leaves

Unbranched vascular tissue

Megaphyll leaves

Branched vascular tissue

Sporophyll leaves

A leaf that bears sporangia

Sori

Clusters of sporangia

Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Lignin

Substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid

Charophytes

Green algae; most common ancestor of land plants.

Archaeplastida

One of the five supergroups of eukaryotes. It includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

Chlorophytes

Marine green algae, never made it to land

Major Gymnosperm Phyla

Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta, Ginkgophyta

Major Angiosperm Phyla

Basal, Magnolids, Monocots, Eudicots

5 Derived traits of seed plants

1. Reduced gametophytes

2. Heterospory

3. Ovules

4. Pollen

5. Seeds