Bio Chapter 2 Test

Atoms

the building block of all matter

Parts and charges of an atom

Proton (+), neutron, electron(-)

Molecules

two or more atoms bonded together that are the smallest unit of a chemical compund

Elements

are the building blocks of matter and cannot be decomposed into simpler matter

Isotopes

are atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass number

Isotope example

Carbon 12, 13, and 14

Compounds

two or more elements chemically combined in specific proportions

Compund example

Chemical formulas: H20, NaCI, C6H12O6

Why do atoms bond?

To become stable

Ionic Bonds

when an atom transfers electrons to create oppositely charged atoms

Covalent bonds

when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms

Hydrogen bonds

a weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a partially negative electronegative atom in a nearby molecule.

Polarity

Water having both positive and negative charges

Surface tension

when molecules create a hydrogen bond, a force makes the water’s surface behave like a stretched film

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance

Hydrogen Bonding

attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule

Solvent

a substance capable of dissolving other substance

Solute

the substance that gets dissolved by a solvent to form a solution

Suspension

a mixture where large particles in a liquid settle out into layers

Example of suspension

Blood

What is pH

measures concentration of hydrogen ions and acidity in a solution

What does pH stand for

Potential of hydrogen

What’s the dissociation of water

the process where water molecules naturally break apart into a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion

What results from the dissociation of water?

A hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion

OH- ions

Negatively charged molecule consisting of one oxygen and one hydrogen atom

H+ ions

atoms of hydrogen that has lost their single electron leaving one proton and making it a positive charge

Acidic solution

Contains a higher number of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions resulting in less than 7 on the pH scale

Basic solutions

contains greater number of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions resulting in a number greater than 7 on the pH scale

Neutral solutions

equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions resulting in a 7 on the pH scale

pH scale

measures the concentration of hydrogen ions and the acidity in a solution

What is a buffer?

contains either a weak acid or base used to stabilize and prevent changes in the pH of liquids

Example of a buffer

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system in human blood

example of ionic bond

sodium chloride (NaCI)

example of covalent bond

Water (H2O)

example of hydrogen bond

Water (H2O)

whats organic chemistry?

branch of chemistry dedicated to studying carbon containing compounds

why is carbon so special?

It can easily bond with up to 4 other elements since it only has 4 valence electrons

carbohydrate

-made up of CHO

-main energy source for living things and breaks down sugar

monosaccharide

single sugar unit

disaccharide

double sugar unit

polysaccharide

multiple sugar unit

starch

plant stored energy

glycogen

animal muscle and liver cells

cellulose

found in plant cell walls

Chitin

found in exoskeleton of insects and fungi cell walls

Glucose

most common form of monosaccharide

condensation reaction

making a polymer from adding monomers by removing water

hydrolysis reaction

breaking down polymers into monomers by removing water

monomers

a small molecule that serves as a building block and can bond with other molecules to form polymers

polymers

a macromolecule made up of many monomers

Carbohydrate (atoms, structure, function, example)

CHO, ring structure, main energy source for living things, glucose

Carbohydrate Monomer/Polymer

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, and Polysaccharide

Starch

plant stored energy

Glycogen

for animal muscles and liver cells

Cellulose

plant cell walls

Chitin

Exoskeleton of insects and fungi cell walls

Lipid (definition, atoms, structure)

Fats, CHO, chains

Lipid functions

Stores longer energy, Cushion/Protects, Immune System, Builds Cell Membranes, and wont dissolve in water

Saturated fatty acids

single bonds and equal number of hydrogen to carbons

Unsaturated fatty acids

double or triple bonds and has unequal number of hydrogen to carbons

Protein (atoms, structure, 2 examples)

CHON sometimes Sulfur, amino acids, enzymes and anti bodies

Protein function

Acts as enzymes, Immune system, Transportation, and body structure

Nucleic Acid (atoms, structure, function)

CHON plus phosphorus, phosphate + sugar + base, store and transmit hereditary info

Nucleic Acid formation and examples

Bonds of nucleotides creates DNA, RNA, and ATP