respiratory system - A&P - unit 10

Respiratory system function

-Exchange gases (oxygen & CO2)

-protects body from airborne irritants

Major Organs

Nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs

Nasal Septum

Divides nose into two nostrils

Nasal Cavity

Posterior to the nose & lined with mucosa lining and also has ciliated cells.

Mucosa lining

in the nasal cavity, warms the incoming air and traps foreign objects

Ciliated cells

(hair) cells in the nasal mucosa propel trapped debris towards the throat for digestion

Conchae

three ridges inside nasal cavity that increase surface area and cause air turbulence, which causes more particles to contact rhe nasal cavity walls instead of entering the lungs

hard and soft palate

between nasal cavity and mouth

hard palate

made of bone

soft palate

made of muscle

Uvula

Where nasal cavity ends. Prevents food from, entering other parts of the nasal cavity when swallowed (trapdoor)

Paranasal sinuses

Lighten the skull, resonate speech, produce mucus.

Rhinitis

inflammation of paranasal sinus spaces. Can be caused by allergens or respiratory viruses.

Pharynx

(the throat)

-shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems

-lined with tonsils (cluster of lymphatic tissue)

Divided into three categories

Nasopharynx

Nasal portion pf pharnyx

Oropharynx

oral/mouth portion of pharynx

Laryngopharynx

opening of larynx and esophagus. Contains epiglottis

Tonsils

Clusters of lymphatic tissue that trap and remove foreign pathogens entering the throat.

(pharyngeal tonsil / adenoid, 2 palatine tonsils, 2 lingual tonsils.)

Larynx

“The voice box”

short section of cartilage that connects the pharynx to the trachea.

(made of hyaline cartilage so it doesnt collapse)

Larynx functions

-provide an open airway (cartilage)

-divert air and food into the proper pathways (epiglottis)

-produce sound (vocal cords)

Hyaline cartilage

in the larynx and trachea.

keeps the soft tissue from collapsing during breathing.

Thyroid cartilage

makes up adam’s apple, has laryngeal prominence on it

thyrohyoid membrane

between thyroid cartilage & hyloid bone

cricoid cartilage

attaches larynx to trachea / the border of the larynx (lower), Ends the upper respiratory tract, 2nd largest

Epiglottis

flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of the larynx

breathing: allows air to pass into the lower respiratory tract

eating: tips to cover the larynx directing food through the esophagus rather than into the lungs

Vocal cords/folds

Larynx contains these elastic folds of tissue

Help close the larynx to prevent food from entering the respiratory system

Produces sound

Vestibular folds

Help close the larynx to prevent food from entering the respiratory system

How vocal cords produce different sounds

Volume, pitch, articulation

volume

pushing more air through the vocal cords

Pitch

changing the tension and thickness of the vocal cords (changes as you grow)

Articulation

Use of tongue, lips, mouth, and teeth to produce various sounds

Trachea

wind pipe

a rigid tube about 5in long surrounded by horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings

Has mucous membranes

Horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings

Open posteriorly in the trachea

Prevents the trachea from collapsing, while the tissue between them maintains the flexibility of the neck

Mucous membranes in the trachea

collect dust and foreign particles, which are moved up to the pharynx and swallowed

Bronchi

(Two bronchus) What the trachea divides into. Branches into bronchioles

Bronchioles

Smaller tubes that branch from bronchi

Pleura

A thin membrane that covers the lungs.

Pleural space

contains pleural fluid

Pleural fluid

Reduces the friction between the lungs and the rest of rhe thoracic cavity

Right Lung

Bigger, has three lobes

Left Lung

Smaller, had two lobes, has a cardiac notch

Cardiac notch

In the left lung. An indentation for the heart

Alveoli

tiny air sacs that are clustered in grape-like bunches of tiny bubbles.

Surrounded by capillaries

Some of these cells secrete alveola fluid

Alveolar fluid

keeps alveolar cells moist.

Includes surfactant

Surfactant

Mixture of phospholipids & lipoproteins.

prevents the alveoli from collapsing

In alveolar fluid

Respiratory Zone

Thin walled alveoli and surrounding capillaries make up this.

The site of gas exchange within the respiratory system

Respiratory membrane

Found between the capillaries and each alveolus

Alveolar macrophages

move in and out of the alveoli collecting any remaining bacteria or particulates