Pharmaceutical Botany

Cassia alata

• Cassia alata

• Family: Fabaceae

• “Bayabasbayabasan” and “ringworm bush”

• Ringworms and skin fungal infections

Momordica charmanta

• Momordica charantia

• Family: Cucurbitacear

• “Bitterground” and “biter melo”

• Diabetes mellitus, for the non-insulin dependent patients

Allium Sativum

• Allium sativum

• Family: Amaryllindaceae

• “Garlic”

• Reduce cholesterol, helps control blood pressure

Psidium guajava

• Psidium guajava

• Family: Myrtaceae

• Antiseptic to disinfect wound; tooth decay and gum infection

Vitex negundo

• Vitex negundo

• Family: Lamiaceae

• “Five-leaved chaste tree”

• Cough and asthma

Combrentum indicum

• Combretum indicum

• Family: Combretaceae

• “Chinese Honey Suckle”

• Intestinal worm (Ascaris & Trichina)

Blumea camphora

• Blumea camphora

• Family: Asteracea

• Diuretic helps in the extraction of urinary stones

Carmeona retusa

• Carmeona retusa

• Family: Boraginacea

• Intestinal motility; mouth wash

Peperomia pellucid

• Peperomia pellucida

• Family: Piparaceae

• Arthritis and Gout

• Leaves as salad/tea

Clinopodium douglasii

• Clinopodium douglasii

• Family: Lamiaceae

• “Peppemint’

• Analgesic for body aches and pain

Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

Smallest working unit of all living organisms on our plant

fundamental unit of life

Cell

States that “the bodies of plants and animals are composed of cells and their products and these cells came from preesxiting cell”

Cell theory

this year is the time when the term “cell” was first identified and observed

1665

the scientist who first observed and identified a cell

Robert Hooke

in the year 1839, _____ and _____ provided few basic principles of cell

Schwann and schleifen

He discovered plant cell by examining the section of the cork

give the year

Robert Hooke - 1665

he is the first to observe single-celled organisms under the microscope

give the year

Anthon Van Leeuwenhoek - 1674

he is the first to observed the nucleus in hairs and other cells of orchids

give the year

Robert Brown

he discovered fluid content of cells

give the year

Felix Dujardin - 1835

State that plants were composed of cells

give the year

Matthias Schleiden - 1838

he named the fluid content of cell as protoplasm

Jan Evangelist Purkyne - 1839

he state that animals were composed of cells

Theodor Schwann - 1839

he proposed cell as the basic unit of life

Carl Heinrich Braun - 1845

he developed the idea of generation continuity of cell that “Omnis cellula e cellula”

Rudolf Virchow

Organisms that is made up of only one cell Unicellular

Euglena

Paramecium

Yeast

Organisms that made up of many cells

Multicellular

Plants

Animals

Fungus

Conseqeance of unicellular

1. No division of labor

2. each cell = all tasks

Multicellularity consequences

1. more specialized = more dependent

2. maximum protection = rely for photosynthesis, reproduction, mineral absorption

The smallest cell and what is its size

Mycoplasma

0.1 micrometer

unite used to measure cell

Micrometer

Cells that can change their shape

Amoeba

euglena

shape of Human RBCs

Circular biconcave

Difference between plant cell and animal cell

Animal cell:
small
no cell wall
No plastids
have centrioles
small vacuoles

Plant cells:
large
have cell wall
have plastids
large vacuoles
no centrioles

Give the 4 main component of Plasma membrane

Phospholipids

cholesterols

protein

carbohydrates

Function of cholesterol in cell membrane

1. Ensure the cell membrane stays fluid

2. strengthen it by preventing some small molecules from crossing it

3. maintain the consistence

they make up the basic structure of a cell membrane

Phospholipids

Speed up chemical reactions, act as receptors for specific molecules, transport materials across the cell membrane

Proteins

the two types of protein in a cell membrane and their location

Integral protein - inside the lipid bilayer

Peripheral protein - outside the lipid bilayer

what does the carbohydrates produce/

Glycocalix

the location of carbohydrates

attached to lipids and proteins outside of cell membrane

how is membrane formed?

they are formed molecule by molecule

vesicle of preformed membrane fused with growing membrane

difference between exocytosis and endocytosis

Exocytosis - excrete waste and debris

Endocytosis - cell takes in materials through invagination

meaning that certain substances cross the membrane more easily and rapidly than others.

Differentially/selectively perneable

give the 4 properties of cell membrane

1. membrane can grow

2. membrane fusion allow transpport

3. selectively permeable

4. constantly changing

Non-living and outermost covering of a cell (plants & bacteria)

Located outside the cell membrane

to protect and provide structural support to the cell

Cell wall

dense spherical body located at the center of the cell

Nucleus

the double layered covering of nuces

t has a pores of how many nanometer?

Nuclear membrane

80 to 100 nm

it contains the nucleus and a network of chromatic fiber

colorless dense sap

Nucleoplasm

it transfer the hereditary information from one generation to the next

Genes

Jelly like substance formed by 80% water

preset between plasma membrane and nucleus

Cytoplasm

A network of tubular and vascular structures which are interconnected with one another

Endoplasmic reticulum

difference between Sooth ER and Rough ER

Smooth ER - lipids

Rough ER - secretory proteins and membrane proteins

He discovered the Golgi body

Camillio Golgi

flattened sacs in the Golgi body

Cisternae

give the two ends of Golgi body and its location

cis face - ER

trans face - membrane

Small, spherical, single membrane sac

Filled with hydrolytic enzymes

Function:

1. digest large molecyles

2. destroy foreign invaders

Lysosome

Single membrane sac filled with liquid or sap

store waste products

osmotic pressure

Vacuole

The cell responsible for synthesizing the ATP (energy-rich compound)

Mitochondria