Ap Bio Chapter 11 Vocab

Law of Segregation

States that genes have alternative forms, or alleles, which segregate during gamete formation in a diploid organism.

Dominant Allele

An allele that masks the phenotypic effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygote.

Homozygote

An organism with identical alleles for a given gene; true-breeding.

Law of Independent Assortment

States that alleles for different genes segregate independently into gametes.

Multiplication Rule

The probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.

Addition Rule

The probability of an event occurring in two or more independent, mutually exclusive ways is the sum of the individual probabilities.

Polygenic Characters

Traits that are controlled by two or more genes, and can also be affected by environmental factors.

Multifactorial Characters

Polygenic traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Pedigree Analysis

A tool used to deduce the possible genotypes of individuals and predict future offspring genotypes.

Heterozygous Carrier

An individual who is phenotypically normal but carries one recessive allele for a genetic disorder.

Sickle-Cell Allele

An allele that provides a survival advantage against malaria when present in heterozygous individuals.

Lethal Dominant Alleles

Alleles that result in death before reproduction, thus are eliminated from the population.

Genetic Counseling

A profession that helps couples assess the probability of their children inheriting genetic disorders.

True-Breeding

Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.