western civ exam 4

what nations make up the big four

italy- prime minister vittorio orlando

france- PM georges clemenceau

great britian- PM david lloyd George

America- President woodrow wilson

where in the west was most of the first world war fought

france!

what member of the big four wanted revenge on germany

Clémenceau, the Prime Minister of France

who represented the french prime minister

Georges Clemenceau represented himself and France at the Paris Peace Conference

what was the 14 point plan

an ambitious blueprint for ending World War I that emphasized “national self-determination” for both small and large nations, and included the creation of a cooperative League of Nations to peaceably resolve all future disputes

what is the league of nations

an international organization formed after World War I, aimed at preventing future wars by providing a forum for resolving international disputes.

• four permanent members (Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan) and four non-permanent members

why was wilson a problem in the paris peace conference

his idealistic goals, like his Fourteen Points and creating the League of Nations, clashed with the harsher demands of other leaders who wanted to punish Germany, and he refused to compromise.

is it true or false that the peace conference was concluded with a single peace treaty

false

what is the war guilt clause

a provision that placed sole responsibility for starting World War I on Germany. It held Germany liable for all damages caused by the war, including financial reparation

at the end of WW1, what two nations loose their great power status

Germany and Austria-Hungary

what were the results of WW1

• Four empires collapsed (Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman), leading to new nation-states and redrawn borders.

• The war also led to the rise of new ideologies like communism and fascism, and the United States emerged as a world power.

• The war's aftermath also included widespread economic devastation, particularly in Germany, and the Spanish flu pandemic, which resulted in millions of deaths. 

what were the global casualties

• who died

• who was wounded

• who went missing

40 million casualties, including roughly 20 million deaths and 21 million wounded, with an additional 6 million missing

is it true or false that WW1, made the world unsafe for democracy

true

which nation refused to join the league of nations

america

• bc of henry cabot lodge

what is the kellog briand pact

known as the Pact of Paris, was an international treaty signed in 1928 that aimed to outlaw war as a means of resolving disputes between nations

• means war is illegal

after WW1, what replaces germany’s old style of government

the Weimar Republic, a parliamentary democracy

what political party dominated germany in the 1920’s

Social Democratic Party (SPD)

how much did germany have to pay for WW1 damage

132 billion gold marks

• approximately $33 billion at the time

what is totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens

what is the most important objective of communism

to eliminate social classes

what is fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian political ideology and movement characterized by centralized power, dictatorial leadership, nationalism, militarism, and the suppression of opposition

• hates communism

what do fascism and communism share

• Both are dominated by a singular political party (Russia: communist; Italy: Fascist; Germany: Nazi) 

• Dominated by one dictator 

• Controlling the police, communication, educations, and a nation states military 

• All political parties are outlawed expect for one 

• They will attempt to eliminate every opposition they have 

complete control over society through force and terror

who establishes the fascist movement in Italy

Benito Mussolini

who are the black shirts

paramilitary squads: italian black shirts

• Made up of world war one veterans who don't have jobs and hate the parliamentary government

• their role in enforcing Mussolini's regime through violence and intimidation

what does it mean when mussolini marched on rome

refers to Mussolini's and his Fascist Party's organized march into Rome in October 1922. This event marked a pivotal moment in Italian history, leading to Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister and the establishment of a Fascist government.

• fascist party wanted control of gov

where did totalitarianism governments are mostly in Europe by the 1930’s

central and southern europe

what did hitler rename the german workers party

National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)

who are the brown shirts

• Creates a military wing of the Nazi party (the brown shirts) modeled after the black shirts 

• November 9, 1923, Hitler and the brown shirts attempted to overthrow the government of Bavaria (Beer Hall Putsch)

• played a crucial role in Hitler's rise to power by providing a force for intimidation and violence

what is the beer hall putsch

a failed attempt by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to overthrow the Weimar Republic in Bavaria, Germany, on November 8-9, 1923

• puts hitler in national spotlight

what was mein kampf

hiters book meaning my struggle

• The book outlines many of Hitler's political beliefs, his political ideology and future plans for Germany and the world

who did hitler blame for germanys downfall

Weimar Republic, Treaty of Versailles, communists, and Jews

did hitler come to power legally and constitutionally

yes somehow

what title does hitler take after combining presidency and chancerllorship

Hitler took the title of Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Reich Chancellor)

what are the night of the long knives

• June of 1934 (puts people into concentration camps, etc) 

what are the nuremberg laws

• 1935: Nuremberg Laws enacted; persecution of german jews begins 

  • Jews can only marry other jews 

  • They cannot work in public places 

  • The have to self identify themselves as Jews with the star of David 

what is the rhineland suppose to buffer germany from

intended to buffer Germany from France and Belgium

what does the league of nations do to hitler when he violates the treaty of versade

The League of Nations' response to German aggression under Hitler was famously, one of so-called "appeasement", which means that they hoped to avoid conflict by letting Hitler "get away with" certain violations of the treaty

what is the anschluss

Anschluss: Austria becoming part of germany (a union)

The Anschluss refers to the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany on March 12, 1938. It was part of Hitler's vision of a "Greater Germany" and involved German troops entering Austria without resistance from the Austrian militar

what does the term appeasement mean

• whatever it means, it doesn’t work

pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands.

area of sudetenland know what it is and why is it important

Hitler now wants the Sudetenland (western Czechoslovakia) which is full of Germans

• Hitler sought to annex the Sudetenland, western Czechoslovakia, because it was inhabited by a large number of ethnic Germans, and he aimed to unite all German-speaking people into a single nation under Nazi control. This was part of his broader goal of expanding German territory and power in Europe. 

what is the munich conference of 1938

• September 1938: Munich Conference (a peace conference to discuss what to do with the czech 

• The Munich Conference of 1938 was a meeting between Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy to discuss Hitler's demands for the Sudetenland

what is the nazi soviet union non aggression pact

• Nazi Soviet non aggression pact: In the time of war, Russia and Germany will not declare war on one another 

• 23 August of 1939: Stalin shocks the world with the Nazi Soviet Non aggression pact 

is it true or false that british prime minister neville, distrusted stallion more than he distrusted hitler

true

britain and france declare war on germany after he invades what country

poland

where does germany start when they start their invasion of the west

Low Countries, which is the collective name for Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg

who replaces british prime minister neville

Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister in May 1940

what brings the US into WW2

pearl harbor!

what is operation barbarossa

the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union

is it true or false that the battle of stalingrad was a win for hitler

unexpectedly, false

before the US officially enters the war. what does the united states do for great britain

Before the US officially entered World War II, the nation provided significant support to Great Britain through the Lend-Lease Act. This act, passed in 1941, allowed the US to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed vital to its defense, effectively making the US the "arsenal of democracy" for the Allies

when did japan attacked the fleet at pearl harbor

December 7, 1941