spinal column & thorax

longus capitis action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex & rotate to the same side

bilaterally: flexion of the head & neck

longus colli action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex & rotate to the same side

bilaterally: flexion of the head & neck

rectus capitis anterior action/function

bilaterally: flexion of the head & neck; stabilization of AO joint

rectus capitis lateralis action/function

bilaterally: flexion of the head & neck; stabilization of AO joint

suprahyoids (geniohydoid, mylohoid, stylohyoid) action/ function

flexion of head and neck; aids in swallowing

diagstric action/function

depression of the mandible (with hyoid bone fixed); elevation of hyoid bone (with mandible fixed); retraction of the mandible

infrahyoids (sternohyoid, sternohyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid) action/function

depresses the hyoid bone and thyrohyoid cartilage

external oblique action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex to same side and rotate the spine to the opposite side

bilaterally: flexion of the thoracic & lumbar spine

external oblique origin

external surface of 5th - 12th ribs

external oblique insertion

anterior iliac crest and abdominal aponeurosis (fascia)

internal oblique action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex to same side and rotate the spine to the same side

bilaterally: flexion of the thoracic & lumbar spine

internal oblique origin

inguinal ligament, crest of ilium & thoracolumbar fascia

internal oblique insertion

internal surface of lower three ribs (10-12) and abdominal aponeurosis

rectus abdominis action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex the spine

bilaterally: flexion of the thoracic & lumbar spine

rectus abdominis origin

pubic crest and pubic symphysis

rectus abdominis insertion

cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

transverse abdominis action/function

unilaterally: trunk rotation to same side

bilaterally: stabilize the trunk

transverse abdominis origin

inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

transverse abdominis insertion

abdominal aponeurosis

splenius capitis action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex head & neck; rotate to same side

bilaterally: extension and hyperextension of head & neck

splenius cervicis action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex head & neck; rotate to same side

bilaterally: extension and hyperextension of head & neck

levator scapulae action/function

unilaterally: laterally flex the neck

bilaterally: stabilize the neck, extend the head and neck

levator scapulae origin

transverse processes of C1-C4

levator scapulae insertion

medial boarder of scapula

suboccipital group (rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, oblique capitis superior, oblique capitis inferior)- action/ function

unilaterally: laterally flex the head; rotate head to same side

bilaterally: extension & hyperextension of the head

erector spinae action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion of the same side

bilaterally: extension of head and spine

erector spinae origin

thoracolumbar aponeurosis, posterior surface of the sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes T11-L5

erector spinae insertion

posterior ribs, spinous and transverse processes of all thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and the mastoid process

deep posterior spinal muscles (multifiuds & rotators) action / function

unilaterally: rotation of the spine to the opposite side; assists in lateral flexion

bilaterally: extension of the spine

semispinalis thoracis action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion and rotates spine to opposite side

bilaterally: extension and hyperextension of thoracic and cervical spine

semispinalis cervicis action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion & rotates spine to opposite side

bilaterally: extension & hyperextension of thoracic and cervical spine

semispinalis capitis action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion & rotates spine to opposite side

bilaterally: extension and hyperextension of thoracic and cervical spine

scalenus (anterior, medius, posterior) action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion of neck; rotate head and neck to the opposite side

bilaterally: flexion of cervical spine; elevation of ribs during respiration

scalenus anterior origin

transverse processes of C3-6

scalenus medius origin

transverse processes of C2-7

scalenus posterior origin

transverse processes of C6-7

scalenus anterior and middle insertion

1st rib

scalenus posterior insertion

2nd rib

sternocleidomastoid action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion of head and neck & rotation to opposite side

bilaterally: flexion of head and neck

sternocleidomastoid origin @ sternal head

top of manubrium

sternocleidomastoid origin @ clavicular head

medial 1/3 of clavicle

sternocleidomastoid insertion

mastoid process and nuchal line of occiput

quadratus lumborum action/ function

unilaterally: lateral flexion of lumbar spine

bilaterally: stabilize pelvis and lumbar spine

quadratus lumborum origin

posterior iliac crest

quadratus lumborum insertion

rib 12 and transverse processes of L1-L4

psoas (major and minor) action/function

unilaterally: lateral flexion of lumbar spine

bilaterally: stabilize the spine

diaphragm (PF) action/function

inspiration

diaphragm (PF) origin

inner surface of ribs 7-12, L1-3, inner part of xiphoid process

diaphragm (PF) insertion

central tendon of abdominal cavity

internal intercostales (PF) action/function

expiration, pull ribs in

internal intercostals (PF) origin

inferior border of the rib above

internal intercostals (PF) insertion

superior border of rib below

external intercostals (PF) action/function

inspiration, expand ribs out

external intercostals (PF) origin

inferior border of the rib above

external intercostals (PF) insertion

superior border of rib below

serratus posterior inferior (PF) action/function

depresses and stabilizes rib cage

serratus posterior inferior (PF) origin

spinous processes of T12-L3

serratus posterior inferior (PF) insertion

posterior surface of ribs 9-12

serratus posterior superior (PF) action/function

elevates ribs

serratus posterior superior (PF) origin

spinous processes of C7-T3

serratus posterior superior (PF) insertion

posterior surface of ribs 2-5

transversus thoracis (PF) action/function

expiration

transversus thoracis (PF) origin

lower half of the sternum and adjoining costal cartilages

transversus thoracis (PF) insertion

lower border and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of 2-6 ribs

rectus abdominis (SF) action/function

passive in quiet breathing and active on forced expiration

rectus abdominis (SF) origin

pubic crest and pubic symphysis

rectus abdominis (SF) insertion

cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

erector spinae (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

semispinalis capitis (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

semispinalis cervicis (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

semispinalis thoracis (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

pectoralis major & minor (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

quadratus lumborum (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

scalenes (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

sternocleidomastoid (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

trapezius (SF) action/function

secondary respiration

unique role and function of the spinal column

give stability, permit movement & return to starting position, support structures, provide attachment for muscles, transmit gradually increasing weight, act as shock absorber, encase & protect cord

number of cervical bones

7 (C1-C7)

number of thoracic bones

12 (T1-T12)

number of lumbar bones

5 (L1-L5)

lordosis

posterior curve of lumbar and cervical

kyphosis

anterior curve of thoracic

lumbar kyphosis

reduction of normal lordotic curve, resulting in a flat back appearance

scoliosis

lateral curve or sideward deviation

postural sway influences

age, fatigue, injury, bracing, obesity, stability of external environment, adhd

factors affecting stability

size of base of support (wide is better), line of gravity to base of support, height of the center of gravity, external visual cues, fixed eyes, semicircular canals

hip strategy

penguin walk (waddle), trunk flexion/extension and hip/knee flexion; slippery surface

ankle strategy

ankle/ foot adopts a position that allows stability to be maintained; abrupt changes of surface

cervical bones

7 vertebrae; flex/extend, lateral flex/extend

thoracic bones

12 vertebrae; lateral flexion & rotation

lumbar bones

5 vertebrae; flexion, hyperextension, NO rotation

intervertebral discs

outer fibrous rim (annulus fibrosus) & jelly inside (nucleus pulposus)

articulations of vertebral arches

facets are nonaxial and permit gliding; motion determined by the direction that the facets face

atlanto-occipital articulation

atlas (C1) to base of skull; hinge joint, permit flexion and extension

atlantoaxial articulation

atlas (C1) to axis (C2); pivot joint, permits rotation only

thorax structure

bony cartilaginous cage formed by ribs and cartilage and sternum; 7 true ribs, 5 false, 2 floating

phases of respiration

pre-inspiration: brief pause before inhale

inspiration: expand chest and inhale

pre-expiration: brief pause after inhale

expiration: decrease chest volume & exhale

primary muscles of respiration

diaphragm, internal & external intercostal, serratus posterior inferior & superior, transverse thoracis

secondary muscles of respiration

abdomials, erector spinae, scalenes, cervical & thoracic extensors, pec major & minor, quadratus lumborum