Day 12 - Female Reproductive System and Pregnancy

Flashcards covering key pathologies, diagnostic procedures, and treatments related to the female reproductive system and pregnancy.

Ovarian Cysts

Collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary that originate from follicles; can be malignant or benign.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Inflammation and infection of the organs in the pelvic region, commonly caused by STIs, leading to scarring, adhesions, and potential infertility.

Endometriosis

Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus.

Fibroids (Leiomyomas)

Benign tumors of fibrous tissue and muscle in the uterus.

Uterine Prolapse

Uterus sags from its normal position and moves into the vagina, often occurring after menopause when ligaments are weaker.

Vaginal Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)

Condition caused when a yeast or fungus (Candida albicans) that normally lives in the vagina is allowed to grow rapidly.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Group of symptoms (including bloating, edema, headaches, mood swings, breast discomfort) that some women experience in the two-week period before menstruation.

Cervical Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix caused by Human Papilloma virus (HPV); may become malignant and must be monitored.

Abortion

Interruption or termination of pregnancy.

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)

Loss of a pregnancy through naturally occurring events.

Induced Abortion

Termination of pregnancy through medical or surgical means.

Therapeutic Abortion

Pregnancy terminated due to issues with the viability of the fetus or health of the mother.

Preeclampsia

Abnormal condition in pregnancy that causes hypertension, proteinuria, edema and headaches.

Eclampsia

Potentially life-threatening seizures in pregnancy that are not related to an underlying brain condition.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Implantation of the fertilized egg in a site other than the uterus.

Placenta Previa

Abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus.

Abruptio Placentae

Premature separation of the implanted placenta.

Pseudocyesis

False pregnancy where the patient has many symptoms of a pregnancy, but no pregnancy exists.

Dystocia

Abnormal pain or difficulty in labor.

Shoulder Dystocia

Common form of dystocia where the baby’s shoulder is caught by the pelvic bone.

Breech presentation

Fetus presents bottom or feet first.

Prematurity

Birth before 37 weeks’ gestation which can cause low birth weight, problems with maintaining body temperature and problems with feeding.

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Abnormal inhalation of meconium during birth.

Meconium

The first feces passed by the baby.

Conization (Cone Biopsy)

Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix for examination.

Papanicolaou Test (Pap Test or Smear)

Biopsy in which cells are scraped from the cervix and examined for signs of dysplasia.

Pregnancy test

Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.

Fetal Ultrasound

Non-invasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development.

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Examination of chorionic cells retrieved from the edge of the placenta between weeks 11 to 13 of pregnancy.

Amniocentesis

Needle puncture of the amnion to procure a sample of amniotic fluid, usually obtained between weeks 15 and 22 of pregnancy.

Apgar Score

Evaluation of a newborn infant’s physical status by assigning numerical values (0-2) to each of five criteria: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration.

Contraceptives

Medications used for contraception.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Medications such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Fertility

Medications used for fertility

Antibiotics

Medications used as Antibiotics

Antifungals

Medications used as Antifungals

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

Molded plastic or copper contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus that irritates the uterus to block implantation.

Tubal Ligation

Occluding the fallopian tubes (cautery, ligation, or clips) to prevent fertilization from occurring.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Combination of egg and sperm outside the body in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization.

Dilatation and Curettage (D&C)

Widening of the opening of the cervix and scraping off endometrial material from the interior of the uterus.

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus (partial/subtotal, total, or radical).

Endometrial Ablation

Surgical destruction of the endometrium used to treat abnormal bleeding that is not related to cancer.

Cesarean Section

Delivery of a baby through an incision in the abdominal and uterine walls.