Bio Unit 3

what does Carbon have the ability to do

bond with 4 other atoms

How is carbons unique prop. benefit it

it is the basis for building large and diverse organic compounds

what is the backbone of most organic mole.

carbon chains

what are isomers

have the same molecular formula but have different structures

what us an example of an isomer

sugar (C6H12O6) or methamphetamine (one is illegal drug other is sinus medicine)

what are hydrocarbons

composed of carbon and hydrogen

what is an example of a hydrocarbon

ethane

what is an example of both a isomer and hydrocarbon

1 Butane and 2 Butane

image of 1 butane

a organic compound’s prop. depend on

• the size and shape of the C backbone

• what atoms are attached to the skeleton

what are the atoms attached to the organic compounds called

functional groups

what do functional groups do

give organic mole. their specific prop.

what is a prop. of func. groups

hydrophilic

what are the 4 classes of bio. mole. that contain very large mole.

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

what is a macromolecule and why are the 4 classes called it

a giant mole. fromed by joining of other mole.

because of their large size

what is a polymer and why are the 4 classes called it

a large mole. with many similar monomers linked by covalent bonds (make up macro.)

because they are made from identical or similar building blocks strung together

what are dehydration reactions

water is taken out to LINK monomers to form polymers

what is hydrolysis

water is added in to BREAK polymers

what mediates these reactions

enzymes

what are enzymes

specialized proteins that speed up reactions

how does hydrolysis and dehydration work when we eat food

hydrolysis occurs to BREAK down our food and then dehydration occurs to LINK the broken down monomers into something more helpful

what is the mole. range for carbs

small sugar mole. (monomers) to big polysaccharides

sugar monomers are

monosaccharides

what are monosaccharides

small single sugars

a monosacc. has a formula that is …

and has what groups

a mult. of CH2O and has hydroxyl groups and carbonyl group

what is the chemical formula for a monosacc. that has 3 C or one for 24 C

C3H6O3

C24H48O24

what do carbs have in them

sugar

why do we eat carbs

to get the sugar for energy

in something ends in -ose

it is a sugar

2 monosacc. can bond to form __________ in a ___________

disaccharide

dehydration reaction

what does the FDA recommend be the % of daily cals come from added sugar

10%

what does research say about high sugar intake

it generally causes adverse health effects (diabetes and obesity being the most common)

____ and ______ are storage polysaccharides

starch

glycogen

what is starch

how plants store extra glucose/carbs (has dif. shape than glycogen)

what is glycogen

how animals store extra glucose (stored in muscles)

what is cellulose

structural, found in plant cell walls

what is chitin

component of insect and fungal cell walls (ex: crab exoskeleton)

7 food sources of carbs

pasta - cereal - bread - fruit - tacos - cookies - candy - honey - cheese - milk - potatoes

what are the characteristics of lipids

hydrophobic and made of C and H

what do lipids not have

monomers or polymers

Type of lipid - Fats (triglycerides) -

consist of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acid tails

it is non-polar so it has no charge

what are the 2 categories of fat

unsaturated and saturated

unsaturated fatty acids -

fatty acids with one or more double bonds

typical of plant oils

generally liquid at room temp

saturated fatty acids -

fats with max number of H

found in animal fats

generally solid at room temp

how is the double bond in an unsat. fat made

take an H out

what does having a double bond cause the triglyceride tail to do

it makes it bend - which then makes less room for other mole. to be closer together - so they are further apart - making them usually liquids

what are trans fats

unsat. fats that have been converted to sat. fats by adding H (associated with health risks)

what is an example of the exception of an unsat. fat being liquid

fat in fish

type of lipid - phospholipids -

lipid that has a phosphate group “head” (neg. charge) and 2 tails

what are phospholipids components of

cell membrane

type of lipid - steroids

include cholesterol and some hormones

20 C and 4 ring backbone

what is cholesterol

component in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for making other steroids, (including sex hormones)

what are the 2 main things cholesterol does

maintain fluidity of cell membrane and it is a chemical messenger

what makes our cholesterol

liver (about 70-80% of what we need of it daily)

but we can and do get 20-30% of it from the food we eat

what would the image of a phospholipid look like

what are anabolic steroids

synthetic variants of testosterone

proteins are

involved in almost every dynamic function in the body and are very diverse

proteins function as

enzymes

transport proteins embedded in cell membranes

defensive proteins (antibodies)

signal proteins such as most hormones (why doctors have to be very careful during and after a heart transplant so the body doesn’t reject the heart)

receptor proteins

contractile proteins found within muscle cells

structural proteins (ex collagen) (we are made of proteins

storage proteins

proteins are made of a different arrangement of…

a common set of 20 amino acids and monomers

the functions of proteins depend on what

individual shape

what is denaturation

protein unravels, loses its specific shape, and loses its function

how does denaturation happen

temp., PH, salt concentration

protein diversity is based on

the different sequences of amino acids

amino acids are monomers that contain…

an amino group, a carboxyl group, an H atom, and an R group

the R groups…

distinguish 20 amino acids each with specific properties

how are the amino acids monomers linked

dehydration

joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid creates

a peptide bond

additional amino acids can be added by the same process to create…

a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide

where are proteins made

in the ribsome

are R groups polar or non-polar

can be either

what are the 4 levels of structure for a protein

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

what is the primary structure

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

what is the secondary structure

the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by H bonds

what is the tertiary structure

the overall 3D shape of the polypeptide, resulting from interactions among the R groups

what is the quaternary structure

proteins made of more than one polypeptide

what are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids

m- nucleotides p-polynucleotide

nucleotides are composed of

a sugar and a phosphate group (side of the ladder) and the nitrogenous base (the information) (the letters)

DNA is

a double helix and it gets its name from its sugar (deoxyribose)

RNA is

a single polynucleotide and gets its name from its sugar (ribose)

DNA and RNA serve as the

blueprints for proteins and thus control the LIFE of a cell

DNA is a mole. of

inheritance

how are DNA and RNA the life of a cell

1. DNA (instructions)

2. RNA (Manuel)

3. Protein (Structure)

food sources of lipids

steak, milk, most (normal) dairy products, vegetable oil (or any oil), red meat, chicken, fried food, eggs

food sources of protein

chicken steak, fish, turkey, eggs, dairy, nuts, beans

what is the difference between the “organic” term we us in class vs. the way Whole Foods uses it

the way organic is used in class is having carbon/ being carbon based

in whole foods it means no pesticides or chemicals were used

What roles do lipids play in the body?

they store energy, make up the cell membrane, cushioning, help with vitamin absorption

what is the one enzyme we discussed in class

lactase

what is the term for making unsaturated fats saturated by adding H (aka making them trans fats)

hydrogenated vegetable oils

what are the main 3 types of lipids

fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids

why don’t we care about the food sources of nucleic acids

because any food that is/was made from anything living(animals and plants and fungi, etc) has nucleic acids

what are the monomers and polymers of proteins

m-amino acids p-polypeptides

what are the monomers and polymers of carbs

m-monosaccharides p-polysaccharides