EXAM2WORDS

Mosaic

a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass

Tesserae

a small block of stone, tile, glass, or other material used in the construction of a mosaic.

forshortening

portray or show (an object or view) as closer than it is or as having less depth or distance, as an effect of perspective or the angle of vision

Modeling

Techniques used to create the illusion of three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface or to build up a form in sculpture

Expressionism

an art movement that focuses on conveying strong emotions and inner experiences rather than portraying reality objectively

Verism

extreme or strict naturalism in art or literature.

Martyrium

a building or chamber used by the early Christians as a burial place

Icon

sacred images representing the saints, Christ, and the Virgin, as well as narrative scenes such as Christ's Baptism (2013.980a–d) and Crucifixion

Iconoclasm

the destruction or opposition to religious images

Spoila

the practice of reusing architectural and sculptural fragments from earlier structures in new ones

Illuminated Manuscript

a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations

Contrapposto

a specific pose in which a standing figure is depicted with weight shifted onto one leg, creating a natural, dynamic curve in the body

Doric order

characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base

Ionic order

Every column is made of a base, a shaft, and the volute on top is shaped like a spiral.

Corinthian order

the columns were thin and fluted, meaning they had a series of vertical lines cut into the surface.

Column

An architectural element consisting of a shaft, round or polygonal in section, used for structural support or decoration

Capital

the decorative top section of a column, often embellished with intricate details like volutes (scrolls) or acanthus leaves

Entablature

the horizontal structure that sits atop columns, consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice

Pediment

a classical architectural element that forms the triangular gable found above the horizontal structure of the cornice or entablature

Caryatid

a sculpted female figure that serves as a supporting column in architecture

Arch

a curved structural element used to span an opening and support loads above it.

Barrel vault

a series of arches placed one after another to create a tunnel

Groin vault

a type of vault formed by two barrel vaults that intersect at right angles

Tuscan order

unfluted, plain columns, a simple capital with a rounded echinus and a square abacus, and a plain, unadorned entablature

Composite Order

a mixed classical order, primarily Roman, that combines elements of the Ionic and Corinthian orders, particularly in its capital

Basilica

a type of ancient Roman public building and, later, a style of church architecture.

Apse

a semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir, chancel, or aisle of a secular or ecclesiastical building

Nave

The central part of a church, extending from the main entrance or rear wall to the transepts or chancel

Aisles

a passageway, typically found in churches and basilicas, that runs parallel to the main sections like the nave, choir, and apse

Transept

the part of the building that runs perpendicular to the main nave, forming a cross shape

Ambulatory

A semicircular or polygonal aisle

Pendentives

triangular segment of a spherical surface, filling in the upper corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support for a dome