Botany Exam 1

6 Characteristics that all organisms share.

1. Order - Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, ecosystems

2. Sensitivity - Living things respond to stimuli, Different stimuli for different organisms

3. Growth and Development - Seed → Seedling → Plant

4. Energy Processing - Asexual/ Sexual

5. Regulation/ Homeostasis - Maintain internal conditions dispite environmental changes, like temp and pH

6. Evolution/ Adaptation - Change over time, have characterisitics that help with survival and reproduction

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for observed phenomena

Theory

An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events

Law in science

A statement that describes an observable occurence in nature that appears to always be true

Independent v Dependent variables

Value is indepedent of the experiment outcome; Variable that is set by the experimenter.

VS

Value is dependent on the experimental outcome; What we are testing.

Are controlled experiments the only valid scientific experiments?

No, sometimes it is not possible to run a controlled experiment to collect data.

How do you define a control group/ experimental group?

Group that does not have the independent variable, tests to ensure the value of the dependent variable is affected by the value of the independent variable

What other kindss of experiments can you do?

Quasi-experimental - Est. a cause and effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable

What kinds of data are qualitative ?

Descriptions rather than measurements

Quantitative?

Recorded measurements, organized into tables and graphs

What is a polymer?

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

What is a monomer?

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

What reaction is used to build polymers?

Dehydration synthesis

What reaction is used to breakdown polymers?

Hydrolysis reactions

Why aren’t lipids, polymers?

Because they are not made of repeating smaller molecules

What are the smaller molecules of fats, phospholipids, and steriods?

Glycerol, triglycerol, phospholipids, and sterols

What is the monomer and function of Carbs?

Monosaccharide and act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation.

Monomer and function of proteins?

Amino acids and helps repair and build your body's tissues. It drives metabolic reactions, maintains pH and fluid balance, and keeps the immune system strong. It also transports and stores nutrients and can act as an energy source.

Monomer and function of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide and storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.

What are the structural components of amino acids?

Carboxlyic acid, anime, R group, and central C-H backbone

Glucose

Structure

Cysteine

Structure

Triglycerol

Structure

Nucleotide

Structure

What makes each amino acid unique?

It’s R group

Primary structure of proteins

Chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Secondary structure of proteins

Alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet

Tertiary structure of proteins

3D globular shape

Interactions with water, acids, and bases attracted to each other

Quarternary structure of proteins

Only occurs when the protein is made of more than one polypeptide chain

Function of proteins

• Enzymes - Speed of chemical rxns

• Structure - Storage of amino acids

• Transport- Transport materials across materials

Components of a nucleotide?

• Phophate group

• Sugar

• Base

What are the differences and similarities between DNA and RNA?

DNA:

RNA:

What are the three components of the cell theory?

1. Cells are the basic units of life

2. All living things are made up of cells

3. All cells come from other cells

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and do not have any organelles

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Region inside the cell, metabolism of the cell, cytoskeleton provides shape and structure to the cell and organelles

Nucleus

Control center of the cell (contains DNA), surrounded by nuclear envelope to control what enters through nuclear pores, chromatin contains DNA and proteins, Nucleoli produce ribosomes

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis, surrounded by double membrane, thylakoids are stacked into grana, Stoma is liquid between DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

Mitochondria

SIte of cellular respirattion, double membrane, folds called cristae and liquid space in b/w is the matrix, has own DNA and ribosomes

Plastids - Leucoplasts

Double membrane bound, 3 types, colorless and used for storage

• Amyloplast (store starch)

• Tannosomes (store tannins)

• Elaioplasts (store oils)

Plastids - Chromoplasts

Store red, orange, yellow pigments

Microbodies

Small, spherical, single membrane, contain enzymes

Peroxisomes

Role in metabolism, development and stress responses

Nuclear Pores

Membrane of nucleus

Nucleoplasm

DNA + Proteins → chromatin

Maintain shape and structure of nucleus

Rough ER

Have RIBOSOMES

Protein production ends here

Transport of proteins

Tonoplast

Membrane surrouding central vacuole

Microtubulues/Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton

Support structure

Movement internally

Desmotubule

Tube passes through cell wall

Allows cytoplasm to pass through multiple cells lined w/ plasma membrane

Cell wall

Structure/suppport for outside of the cell

Neighboring cell wall

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Central vacoule

Used for storage of H2O, Na+, C6H12O6, and waste products

Middle lamella

Glue between cell walls

Plasma membrane

Regulate materials going in and out of the cell

Plasmodesmata

Connections between cells

Transport of material in cytoplasm

Smooth ER

No RIBOSOMES

Lipid production/membrane assemby

Cytosol

H2O, Na+, enzymes, metabolic processes

Dictoyosomes

Similar to golgi body

Package, process, and transport proteins

Works through vesicles

Nuclear envelope

Surround nucleus

Nucleolus

Ribsomes are produced

protein production

Components and their functions of a cell wall

Cellulose form microfibrils

Pectin, lignin and Hemicellulose to the microfibrils together

Lignin - Support/Structure provides tension for full central vacoule for tugor pressure

Phospholipid bilayer - provides protection to the

Plasmodesmata - Transport of nutrients, water, and other molecules

Fluid mosaic model components and roles in the plasma membrane

1. Phospholipid bilayer - regulate what can pass through the membrane

2. Proteins - transport in/out of membrane

3. Carbs - glycolipids and glycoproteins used for identification

4. Sterols - maintain fluidity of the membrane

What does it mean that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable

Allows some substances to cross more easily than others

Subatomic particle, location in atom, charge

+

Proton, nucleus, positive

Subatomic particle, location in atom, charge

-

Electron, orbits nucleus, negative

Subatomic particle, location in atom, charge

Neutron, inside of nucleus, neutral

Difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bond?

Covalent: sharing of electrons

Ionic: transferring of electrons

Hydrogen: water type bonds (involves a hydrogen)

Property of water that makes it behave special compared to other molecules

Adhesion, cohesion, high heat of vaporization, and high polarity

Organic molecule?

Molecules made of carbon and hydrogen (can include other elements)

The different functional groups and types of molecules they are found in

Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups

Proteins, carbs, and lipids

How can molecules pass through the membrane without using energy

Passive transport

What is diffusion?

1. Simple diffusion - movement of molecules across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

2. Facilitated diffusion - movement of molecules through proteins in the plasma membrane

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across the across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

Solution has a high [] of solutes and a low concentration of water

• water leaves, turgor pressure decreases, cytoplasm shrinks, plant wilts

Isotonic

Solution has a similar solute to water [] ratio

• same amount of water flows in as out, equilibrium

Hypotonic

Solution has a low [] of solute and a high [] of water

• water enters, turgor pressure increases, plant is upright