9 - Prenatal Physical Growth and Development

Prenatal Development

The process of growth and development of a fetus from conception to birth.

Embryonic Growth

The stage of prenatal development from 0 to 8 weeks.

Fetal Growth

The stage of prenatal development from 8 weeks to birth.

Ectoderm

The outer layer of cells in the embryo, which develops into the nervous system, organs, senses, and skin.

Mesoderm

The middle layer of cells in the embryo, which forms muscles, bones, the circulatory system, the reproductive system, and kidneys.

Endoderm

The inner layer of cells in the embryo that develops into the respiratory system, digestive system, and glands.

Amniotic Sac

A fluid-filled sac that protects and cushions the developing fetus.

Critical Vulnerability

The period during which the developing embryo is most susceptible to harmful influences.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells, contributing to fetal growth.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of cells, contributing to fetal growth.

Cephalocaudal Growth

Growth pattern that occurs from head to tail (top to bottom).

Proximodistal Growth

Growth that occurs from the center of the body outward (from the torso to the extremities).

Plasticity

The ability of tissues to adapt or modify their structure and function during growth.

Teratogens

Substances that can cause abnormal development in a fetus.

Congenital defects

Anomalies present at birth caused by genetic or extrinsic factors.

Dominant Disorder

A genetic disorder caused by a defective gene passed from one parent.

Recessive Disorder

A genetic disorder caused by defective genes passed from both parents.

Trisomy 21 / Down Syndrome

A genetic condition where an individual has an extra chromosome 21, leading to various developmental challenges.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A range of birth defects resulting from alcohol exposure in utero, including intellectual disability and physical growth issues.

Spina Bifida

A neural tube defect caused by insufficient intake of folic acid, leading to incomplete closure of the spinal column.

Nourishment of Fetus

The process through which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from maternal blood via the placenta.

Embryo

An early stage of development, specifically within the first 8 weeks of conception.

Fetal Movements

Movements made by the fetus, including sucking, swallowing, and breathing motions, which are observable by MRI.