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Formal Region

An area defined by a uniform characteristic, such as language, culture, or political organization.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming in which crops are grown mainly for the farmer’s family, not for sale or trade.

Environmental Determinism

The idea that human culture and society are shaped primarily by environmental factors such as climate and geography.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, assuming current age-specific fertility rates.

Ethnocentrism

Belief that one’s own culture or ethnicity is superior to others.

Agglomeration

The clustering of businesses or industries in a particular area to benefit from shared services, infrastructure, or labor markets.

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production, from raw materials to final product distribution.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural elements (ideas, styles, religions, technologies) from one area or group to others.

Cultural Landscape

A geographic area that shows evidence of human activity and interaction with the environment.

Cultural Traits

Individual elements of culture, such as language, clothing, religion, or customs.

Primate City

A city that is disproportionately larger than any others in the country, often more than twice the size of the next largest city.

Central Place Theory

A theory explaining the distribution and organization of cities and towns based on their provision of goods and services.

Ethnic Neighborhood

An area within a city where residents share a common ethnicity or cultural background.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a particular party or group.

Time-Space Convergence

The idea that technology reduces the time it takes to move people, goods, or ideas, making places "closer" together.

Maquiladoras

Factories in Mexico that import materials duty-free and export assembled products.

New Urbanism

A planning movement promoting walkable neighborhoods, mixed-use development, and sustainable urban design.

Creolized Language

A stable, fully developed language that arises from the mixing of two or more languages.

Extensive Agriculture

Farming that uses large areas of land with minimal labor or input per acre.

Consequent Boundaries

Political boundaries drawn to accommodate existing cultural, linguistic, or ethnic differences.

Stateless Nation

An ethnic group or nation without its own sovereign state.

Push and Pull Factors of Migration

Push factors drive people away from their home, while pull factors attract them to a new location.

Population Pyramid

A graphical illustration that shows the age and sex structure of a population.

Malthusian Theory

Argues that population growth will outpace food production, leading to shortages.