PHYS237-Experiments

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Franck–Hertz Experiment

Apparatus: Electron gun, mercury vapor tube, collector electrode, adjustable voltage
Data Collected: Current vs. accelerating voltage
Results: Drop in current at specific voltages corresponding to energy absorbed by atoms
Significance: Provided evidence for quantized atomic energy levels

<ul><li><p class=""><strong>Apparatus:</strong> Electron gun, mercury vapor tube, collector electrode, adjustable voltage</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Data Collected:</strong> Current vs. accelerating voltage</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Results:</strong> Drop in current at specific voltages corresponding to energy absorbed by atoms</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Significance:</strong> Provided evidence for <strong>quantized atomic energy levels</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Rutherford Scattering

Apparatus: Alpha particle source, thin gold foil, circular zinc sulfide screen/detector
Data Collected: Angle and frequency of alpha particle deflections
Results: Most passed through, but some deflected sharply
Significance: Disproved plum pudding model; led to nuclear model of atom (dense, positive nucleus)

<ul><li><p class=""><strong>Apparatus:</strong> Alpha particle source, thin gold foil, circular zinc sulfide screen/detector</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Data Collected:</strong> Angle and frequency of alpha particle deflections</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Results:</strong> Most passed through, but some deflected sharply</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Significance:</strong> Disproved plum pudding model; led to <strong>nuclear model</strong> of atom (dense, positive nucleus)</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Hertz/Lenard Experiments (Photoelectric Effect)

Apparatus: Ultraviolet light source, metal cathode, anode, vacuum tube, and voltage source
Data Collected: Current vs. light intensity/frequency/voltage
Results: Emission of electrons only above a threshold frequency, independent of intensity
Significance: Supported quantization of light (photons); led Einstein to propose photoelectric equation, showing light's particle nature

<ul><li><p class=""><strong>Apparatus:</strong> Ultraviolet light source, metal cathode, anode, vacuum tube, and voltage source</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Data Collected:</strong> Current vs. light intensity/frequency/voltage</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Results:</strong> Emission of electrons only above a threshold frequency, independent of intensity</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Significance:</strong> Supported <strong>quantization of light (photons)</strong>; led Einstein to propose <strong>photoelectric equation</strong>, showing light's <strong>particle nature</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Compton Scattering

Apparatus: X-ray source, target (usually graphite), X-ray detector at various angles
Data Collected: Wavelength of scattered X-rays vs. angle
Results: X-rays scattered with increased wavelength (energy loss)
Significance: Confirmed that photons carry momentum, further evidence of light as particles

<ul><li><p class=""><strong>Apparatus:</strong> X-ray source, target (usually graphite), X-ray detector at various angles</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Data Collected:</strong> Wavelength of scattered X-rays vs. angle</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Results:</strong> X-rays scattered with <strong>increased wavelength</strong> (energy loss)</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Significance:</strong> Confirmed that <strong>photons carry momentum</strong>, further evidence of <strong>light as particles</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Davisson–Germer Experiment

Apparatus: Electron gun, nickel crystal, detector (movable to measure angle)
Data Collected: Intensity of scattered electrons vs. angle
Results: Peak intensities occurred at specific angles, showing electron diffraction
Significance: Demonstrated wave nature of electrons (electron diffraction), confirming de Broglie hypothesis and wave-particle duality

$<ul><li>Apparatus: Electron gun, nickel crystal, detector (movable to measure angle)</li><li>Data Collected: Intensity of scattered electrons vs. angle</li><li>Results: Peak intensities occurred at specific angles, showing electron diffraction</li><li>Significance: Demonstrated wave nature of electrons (electron diffraction), confirming de Broglie hypothesis and wave-particle duality</li></ul>$

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Blackbody Radiation

Apparatus: Heated cavity with small hole; measured emitted spectrum
Data Collected: Intensity vs. wavelength at various temperatures
Results: Classical physics failed (ultraviolet catastrophe); Planck's formula fit the data
Significance: Planck introduced energy quantization, foundational to quantum theory