A&P Chapter1

“cutting up”

Anatomy means __ or examining structures

“relationship to nature_

Physiology means ___ or function of body parts

anatomical structure

__ allows for function

cell

atom → molecule → macromolecules → __ → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

atoms

ALL materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which consist of __

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells

atom

tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)

molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)

organelle

functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

cell

basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)

tissue

layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose or epithelial tissue)

organ

group of different tissues with function (heart, kidney, stomach)

organ system

group of organs with common function (digestive system)

organism

composed of interacting organ system (human)

cells

ALL living things consist of __

internal environment

environment within body

homeostasis

maintenance of constant internal environment

interdependency of cells

cells depend on eachother

structure and function

__ are interrelated

gradients and permeability

substances move from high to low, down pressure and concentration gradients, across permeable membranes

cellular differentiation

specialization of cells due to gene expression

cell membrane mechanisms

determine the entry of substances in response to signals

cell-to-cell communication

via membrane receptors

feedback loops

homeostatic mechanism for stability

balance

replacement of lost substances, elimination of excesses

energy

__ processes keep the cell active

reproduction

body functions and structures are working in a way to maintain life, except for __

species

reproduction perpetuates the __

metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system

water

what is the most abundant substance in the body?

intracellular and extracellular fluids

water is the environment for metabolic processes such as __

body temp

water is required for the transport of substances and regulates __

food

__ provides necessary nutrients to supply energy

oxygen

__ releases energy from food

heat

__ partly controls the rate of metabolic reactions

atmospheric pressure

__ is important for breathing

hydrostatic pressure

__ keeps blood flowing

stimulus

__ is known when a change occurs in the internal environment of homeostatic mechanisms

control center

__ is when the change is compared to the set point in homeostatic mechanisms

effectors

__ is known as a muscle or a gland and is the result when the change is corrected in homeostatic mechanisms

negative feedback loops

__ are ongoing feedback loops (getting to a normal body temp)

positive feedback loops

__ are very short-lived feedback loops (contractions during labor)

axial portion

head, neck, and trunk of the body

appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs of the body

cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity

major body cavities of the axial portion is :

abdominopelvic cavity

__ cavity contains abdominal and pelvic viscera

diaphragm

__ separates the thoratic and abdominopelvic cavities

mediastinum

__ region between the lungs in the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

orbital

__ cavity contains eyes, skeletal muscles, and nerves

tympanic

__ cavity contains the middle ear bones

serous membranes

The thoracic and addominopelvic cavities are lined by double layered __

serous fluid

serous membranes secrete __

cavity

serous fluid occupies the potential space between the layers, which is called the __

visceral layer

the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers an organ

parietal layer

the outer layer which lines the wall of the cavity

body covering (hair, nails, skin, etc.)

integumentary systems is known as the __

skeletal and muscular system

__ support the movement of the body

nervous and endocrine system

__ integrate and coordinate the body

cardiovascular and lymphatic system

__ transport things within the body

digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems

__ absorb nutrients and excrete waste within the body

anatomical position

standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at the side, palms forward

superior

above another part

inferior

below another part

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

away from the midline

bilateral

paired structures one on each side of the midlines

ipsilateral

structures on the same side

contralateral

structures on the opposite side

proximal

a part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part

distal

a part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk

superficial

near the surface

deep

more internal parts

sagittal

lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

transverse

a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior positions

frontal

refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

cross section

a cut across the structure

oblique section

angular cut

longitudinal section

lengthwise cut

epigastric region

upper middle region of the stomach

right and left hypochondriac regions

right and left sides of the epigastric regions of the stomach

umbilical region

the central portion of the stomach

right and left lateral regions

on the right and left side of the umbilical regions of the stomach

pubic region

the lower middle region of the stomach

right and left inguinal regions

on the left and right sides of the pubic region of the stomach