AP World History Chapter 21

AP World History Chapter 21

how was europe (and also japan!) able to recover from their self-inflicted downfall-fratricidal war, economic collapse, the holocaust?

1. the already well-developed industrial society, enabling a quick recovery 2. ability to integrate recovering economies by establishing trade policies, reducing taxes and tariffs, expanding all throughout europe, and later developing the same currency system, the euro 3. the united state’s deep involvement in europe’s recover through the marshall plan, especially the west

european economic community (EU)

an alliance formed in 1957 by 6 european countries to reduce tariffs and develop common trade policies; later expanded into the european union

marshall plan

put into effect in 1948; united state’s huge plan to aid western europe in their recovery of world war ii

how did europe’s relationship with america strengthen?

america’s economic assistance to europe (donation of around 121 bil. modern-day dollars donated, specialty workers, advisors): brought in new revenue to america, global markets for american products, interest in undermining appeal of european communism; creation of NATO, a military alliance between america and europe in protection against the soviet union

how did recovery take place in the soviet union?

aftermath of stalin’s brutal rule; brought millions into the labor class for cheap labor; favored heavy industrialization, agriculture production, and military expeditions at the cost of basic consumer items; brought bread prices down; benefitted from seizure of art and items from other countries (poland, germany); economic recovery underway by 1950s

how did chinese communism differ from russian communism in the environment of which it came to power?

1. chinese had company and fellow communist country russia, while russia was generally alone in becoming a communist country 2. chinese revolutionaries had experience in ruling due to prior knowledge, while russian leaders, due to coming to power so quickly, did not 3. chinese communists were rooted in the peasant population and rural areas, while russia found support mainly in its cities

how did china build a modern society?

used the soviet union as a model for socialist modernization; peaceful collectivization of agriculture; pushed collectivization strongly and brought people into ‘people’s communes‘ as a step of the great leap forward (1950s)

great leap forward

communist movement that pushed people into ‘people’s communes‘ in an effort to mobilize china’s people for rapid development

how did china develop an industrial program?

large-scale heavy industries; urban-based factories; centralized planning in the hands of the state; mobilization of women for the workforce; large-scale migration to cities; development of a privileged educated class, which was fought off by zedong, who wanted equality; emergence of bureaucratic elite of planners, scientists, managers, and engineers

what was the great leap forward?

(1958-1960); mao’s first direct response to the errors of chinese socialism; attempted to bring socialism to rural china; tried to foster widespread technological knowledge

what were the effects of the great leap forward?

a huge disaster, like majorly; famine that wiped out 30 million ppl; ruined mao’s reputation of radicalism; administrative chaos; disruption of economic and market ties

cultural revolution

launched by mao zedong (mid-1960s); attempted to combat capitalist tendencies that had overtaken china; brought chaos to even highest ranks of communist party

what were the effects of the cultural revolution?

many accused; teachers, government officials, intellectuals, factory managers, etc.; sent to work in labor camps, beaten, tortured, killed

cold war

geopolitical and ideological war between communist and capitalist countries at the end of world war ii; no direct conflict, but an arms race in nuclear weapons

north atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

a military alliance created after world war ii; america and other european countries; main objective to defend against soviet union aggression (1949)

warsaw pact

a military alliance made by the soviet union and communist countries to fight against NATO; expressed tensions of the cold war (1955)

what encouraged the cold war?

NATO treaty and warsaw pact; communism of korea, vietnam, and china; korean war, vietnam union under communism; afghanistan attempts of communism, stopped by a 10 year war and american intervention; soviet union sent missiles to cuba to deter america, later making a deal that soviet union would take back missiles if america left cuba alone

cuban missile crisis

a major conflict between the united states and the soviet union over the soviet union assigning missiles in cuba; ended with a compromise, as the soviet union removed its missiles and america promised not to attack cuba

what were the effects of the cold war on america

emerged as a global power; international political and military presence; flourishing economy

what were the effects of the cold war on the soviet union, japan, and europe

lead them to general ruin lol

what conflicts arose as a result of the cold war in the soviet union?

soviet forces invaded hungary and czechoslovakia to crush independent communist movements, which was successful in yugoslavia: threatened to do so to poland; soviet union v. china, over ideological differences, territorial disputes, and conflict over leadership of communism

what conflicts arose as a result of the cold war in china?

china v. the soviet union; china v. vietnam, vietnam v. cambodia (all COMMUNIST COUNTRIES btdubs lol)

decolonization

the struggle for independence in many asian and african countries under imperialist rule; obtained by negotiations or military force

what general changes did decolonization lead to?

emergence of nation-states to replace long-lasting empires of the nineteenth and twentieth century; mobilized millions of people in political negotiations or military warfare; discredited role of empires and race in political nation identity

what empires collapsed and which were established?

collapsed; austrian and ottoman, russian, german and japanese, us influence; created; nations in europe and middle east, african, asian, soviet union, mexico nationalization of oil industry, cuba

how did european empires collapse so quickly?

contradiction of values (enlightenment, christianity, modern progress) v. reality (poverty, racism, exploitation); social groups knew they were being exploited and knew their culture values well; economic ability and production of raw materials, ability to use them in a rebellion; governments willing to give nation-states independence bc of ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY lol

indian national congress

the political party that brought about indian independence in 1947; led by mahatma gandhi

how were independence movements different?

timelines different: four years in belgian congo, 7 decades in vietnam, by 1910/1994 in south africa; tactics varied: peaceful protest in west africa, guerrilla warfare in algeria; varying ideologies; eyes of religion v. secular outlooks, social transformations and freedom from foreign rule v. ending racial discrimination and achieving political independence w/ little concern for domestic equality

what happened after the nation-states achieved independence

formed a group of countries (along with already independent countries china, turkey, iran, thailand, ethiopia, central south america) formed a bloc of nations known as the third world, developing countries, or the global south

globalization of democracy

political shift that brought popular movements, multiparty elections, and new constitutions around the world; late 20th century

varying political systems

communism: china, vietnam, and cuba; multiparty democracy: india and south africa; one-party democracy: mexico, tanzania, and senegal; military regimes: latin america, africa, and middle east; personal dictatorships: iraq, uganda, philippines

how did the communist movement end?

stagnant economy in a time of growing consumerism; focus om moral issues, human rights, and democracy; death of mao zedong → deng xiaoping rule; collapse of soviet union and leadership change to mikhali gorbachev; miracle year of 1989

what did deng xiaoping do during his rule?

ended collectivization of agriculture; gradual industrial reformation; opened the economy to foreign investments and ports, with levied taxes and generally free trade

what were the positive results of chinese reformation?

lower rates of poverty and mortality; surging economy and exports; massive urban construction

what were the negative results of chinese reformation?

corruption, social inequalities, urban overcrowding, inflation, pollution, street crime, prostitution, drug addiction, gambling, criminal underworld

what did gorbachev do during his rule?

allowed intellectual and cultural freedom; launched an economic program, perestroika, that allowed small-scale private businesses and farms; cut military forces and engaged in arms control negotiations with america

what were the negative results of gorbachev’s reformations?

increased exposure to negative western content: sex, crime, drugs, child abuse, etc.; lack of desire to engage in private farming due to risk; little engagement of foreign investment in soviet union; some sought free-market economy, multi-party democracy, worker rights, and independence; fear of unemployment; economy value went down, inflation, low supply of consumer goods and ration coupons

what was the miracle year of 1989?

as a result of soviet union reformations, other communist countries followed; germany, poland, bulgaria, hungary, czechoslovakia, and romania

what happened after communism for america, russia, and china?

america remained the general main global superpower, which russia and china challenged

tensions between america and china

rising economic and military power of china; china sought to dominate east asia, south china sea, and global economic arena

tensions between america and russia

russia thought u.s. was meddling in russian affairs when soviet union collapsed; russia intervention in ukraine and u.s. elections; annexation of crimea by russia, rival involvements in syria civil war

syrian civil war

conflict engaging regional and world powers; began in 2011; led to over 12 million refugees and asylum seekers by mid-2016

israeli-palestinian conflict

the struggle between jewish israel and palestine territories; wars and upheavals since 1948

iranian revolution

establishment of a radically islamist government in iran (1979); helped trigger a war with iraq in 1980s