Blood, cell identification

Blood is _____________________tissue

connective

2 components of blood

cells and plasma

cells in blood

red blood cells(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)

composition of plasma

92% water, proteins, amino acids, hormones, electrolytes

hematocrit

volume of blood cells in a sample. Should be 45%

Description of Red blood cells term-12(erythrocytes)

bioconcave discs, lack nuclei, has hemoglobin molecules

Function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transports oxygen to cells, carries away CO2, hemoglobin carries oxygen

formation of red blood cells in bone marrow

hematopoeisis

phagocytosis

breakdown of red blood cells in liver and spleen

white blood cells

leukocytes

Function of White blood cells (leukocytes)

protect agains disease

agranular and granular

2 Categories of Leukocytes/White blood cells

2 kinds of agranular leukocytes/white blood cells

lymphocytes (t-cells, b-cells, nk-cells) (20-25%)

monocytes (3-8%)

3 kinds of granular leukocytes/white blood cells

basophils (0.5-1%)

neutrophils (60-70%)

eosinophils (2-4%)

Neutrophils description

nucleus has several lobes. Make up 60% of WBCs. Present in pus of wounds.

basophils description

produces heparin and histamines. Make up 1% of WBCs. Important for inflammatory reactions.

eosinophils description

attack parasites. Make up 2% of WBCs.

Monocyte description

larger cell, horseshoe shaped nucleus, become macrophages (engulf invader cells)

lymphocytes description

dark nucleus takes up whole cell. Defends against invaders. Yields antibodies. Makes up 30% of WBCs.

thrombocytes/platelets

Clotting cells

coagulation

thickening of blood to form a clot/hematoma

lymphocyte

basophil

neutrophil

eosinophil

thrombocyte

NOTICE THE ARROWS

red blood cells

monocyte

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

37-52% of the total blood volume

Functions of erythrocytes

Pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues elsewhere

Pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring it to lungs for expulsion

Spectrin and actin

What proteins give RBCs flexibilty and durability?

It binds to the iron carried on the heme

How does a RBC carry oxygen?

Erythropietin (EPO)

What stimulates the colonizing-forming unit (CFU) into a erythroblast

Hematopoietic stem cells, colony-unit, erythroblasts, reticulocytes, erythroctyes

Order of erythrocyte cell development

Hypoxemia

A deficiency of oxygen in the blood

Sickle-cell anemia

abnormally shaped red blood cells due to HbS

Hemolysis

the rupture of red blood cells

Polycythemia

Excess of red blood cells

Iron-deficiency anemia

Dietary iron deficiency

Characterized by small pale erythrocytes

Pernicious anemia

autoimmune disease in which antibodies destroy stomach tissue is called…?

Gastroferritin

Protein that binds to ferrous iron and transports it to the small intestine

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Platelets

create the buffy coat

heart, blood vessels, and blood

Circulatory system consists of…

Transport, protect, and regulate

Purposes of blood circulation?

Albumin

responsible for colloid osmotic pressure

major contributor to blood viscosity

Globulin

split into alpha, beta, and gamma

various roles in solute transport, clotting, and immunity

Fibrinogen

Precursor of fibrin

Fibrin

sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot

Plasma cells

Where is gamma globulin made?

Viscosity

the resistance of a fluid to flow

Osmolarity

total concentration of solute particles

Hematopoiesis

Production of any of the elements of blood

Charles Drew

First black person to pursue an advanced degree of doctor of science in medicine; studied blood transfusions

Antigens and antibodies

What molecules determine blood types?

Antigens

Any large molecule capable of binding to an antibody or immune cells and triggering an immune response; usually a protein, glycoprotein, or glycolipoid

Antibodies

Proteins that bind to antigens and mark them for destruction

Agglutination

Clumping of cells by antibodies

A

If you have the alpha agglutinin (anti-A) you have blood type…?

B

If you have only alpha antibodies you have blood type…?

O

If you have If you have the alpha agglutinin (anti-A) and the beta agglutinin (anti-B), you have blood type…?

Transfusion reaction

RBCs become agglutinated in the recipient’s blood plasma

Rhesus monkey (Rh factor)

Antigen D; responsible for the positive or negative association for blood types

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Occurs when a woman has a baby with a differing blood type

Also called Erythroblastosis fetalis

Rh immune globulin

What can be given to a mother to prevent HDN?

Destroys red blood cells and creates and excess of bilirubin

What does HDN do in a baby?

They retain organelles and nucleus throughout their life

How do leukocytes and erythrocytes differ as cells?

Haptoglobulin

Transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes

Ceruloplasmin

Transports copper

Prothrombin

Promotes clotting

Prothrombin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobulin

Alpha Globulins

Tranferrin, Complement proteins, others

Beta Globulins

Tranferrin

Transports iron

Complement proteins

Aids in destruction of microorganisms and toxins

Fibrinogen

becomes fibrin, major component of blood clotting

Colloid osmotic pressure

The contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure

Myeloid hematopoiesis

Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphoid organs

Hypoplastic anemia

reduced production of (all three) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets in the bone marrow

Aplastic anemia

A severe form of bone marrow failure where there is a complete or near-complete absence of blood cell production

Systole

pumps blood

Diastole

relaxes valves

Depolarization

contracts

Repolarization

relaxes valves

Atrial systole

The first part of the cardiac cycle is called…

Atrioventricular

During atrial systole, contraction of the atria forces additional blood through…

ventricles

Atrioventricular valves into the ____ which are already mostly filled with blood

Ventricular systole

What causes rising ventricular pressure and closes the atrioventricular valve?

The atria relaxes

When does ventricular systole begin?

Isovolumetric contraction

all four valves are closed

Rising ventricular pressure

What opens the semilunar valves?

right; pulmonary trunk

Low pressure is from the ___ ventricle to the ___

left; aorta

High pressure is from the ___ ventricle to the ___

lower than arterial pressure

At the end of the ventricular systole, ventricle pressure is…

Back flow of blood

What closes the semilunar valves?

Isovolumetric relaxation

A brief interval at the start of ventricular diastole called ___ causes all four valves to close

Decreases below atrial pressure

Isovolumetric relaxation makes ventricular pressure…

Oxygenated blood that flows through the body through veins

Atrial

Deoxygenated blood flowing in arteries to lungs

Arterial

Ventricles

When the atrioventricular valves open, blood flows through the open AV valves into ___

Ventricular diastole

There is overlap between the atrial and ___