Psychopathology Part 2

Types of treatment

-Evidence-based practice: combines research evidence, clinical expertise and patient values.

-Individual clinical expertise, best scientific evidence, patient values and expectations

Therapy Considerations

-Length of treatment

-Individual, family, or group therapy

-Individual is most common.

-Face to face with

psychologist/psychiatrist/therapist.

-High cost for individual treatment.

Group Therapy

often prohibited for those with severe conditions.

Family therapy

can be used with couples or for children that may benefit from family approaches.

Psychoanalysis

-Freudian psychoanalysis: type of insight therapy

-Condition will improve once the patient understands the problem

-Aim is to uncover unconscious factors related to problems

-Often relies on free association (saying whatever comes to mind)

-May involve analysis of dreams

Psychodynamic Therapy

-Newer, brief therapy

-Less oriented toward past experience

-Has often been criticized as as not very effective

Humanistic Therapies are ___________

Client Centerd

Empathy (type of humanistic therapy)

understanding client's feelings/thoughts without being judgemental

Genuineness (type of humanistic therapy)

creates open environment of trust and honesty

Unconditional positive regard (type of humanistic therapy)

accepting a person for who they are, regardless of what they say.

What do behavioral therapies do?

Focus on challenging current problems not delving into past

Systematic desensitization (behavioral therapies)

-replacing fear/anxiety with positive emotion

-Teaching client to relax and slowly introduce fear object/situation

Flooding (behavioral therapies)

continued exposure to feared object/situation until anxiety decreases

Aversion therapy (behavioral therapies)

(like a foul or spicy taste or some painful stimulus like a shock) with a specific undesirable behavior.

Can be used to fight addictions

Token economies

providing tokens/points for positive behaviors that can be traded in for larger rewards

Cognitive restructuring (cognitove therapies)

replacing an old, irrational belief with a new rational belief

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (cognitove therapies)

controversial way of the therapist pushing back against irrational thoughts of the client

Cognitive-behavior therapy (cognitove therapies)

fosters behavioral change after cognitive restructuring occurs.

All-or-nothing thinking (cognitive distortions)

Seeing each event as completely good or bad, right or wrong, a success or a failure

Arbitrary inference (cognitive distortions)

Concluding that something negative will happen or is happening even though there is no evidence to support it

Emotional reasoning (cognitive distortions)

Assuming that negative emotions are accurate without questioning them

Magnification and minimization (cognitive distortions)

Overestimating the importance of negative events and underestimating the impact of positive events

Overgeneralization (cognitive distortions)

Applying a negative conclusion of one event to other unrelated events and areas of one's life

Major classes of psycoactive medications

-Anti Anxiety

-antidepressants

-mood stabilizers

-antipsychotics

Electroconvulsive therapy (Biological Therapies)

-used for severe depression

-Induction of seizures(6-12 treatments).

-Only used with patients who do not respond to other treatments.

-May lead to increased responsiveness to dopamine.

Psychosurgery (Biological Therapies)

Brain surgery to change behavior

ex: frontal lobotomy:

-Was common until the 1960s

-Causes other damaging effects on judgment/personality, etc.

Brain Stimulation (Biological Therapies)

-Using implanted electrodes

-Can help to address obsessive compulsive disorder and mood disorders. The patient controls the electrical current

Neurofeedback (Biological Therapies)

-biofeedback approach that focuses on brain

-Recordings of brain activity. Patient aims to keep readings in desired range

-Used for ADHD, depression, and OCD