KINESIOL 1Y03 - Modules 25-30 and Lab 4

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

axial and appendicular

How many bones does the adult skeleton contain?

206

How many bones does the axial skeleton contain?

80

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton contain?

126

What are the main bones of the axial skeleton?

skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and auditory ossicles

What are the main bones of the appendicular skeleton?

upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

What is the function of the skull?

protect the brain and support organs of vision, hearing, smell and taste

How many bones are found in the skull?

22

How many auditory ossicles are there?

6

How many hyoid bones are there?

1

What are the cranial bones?

2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 frontal, 1 sphenoid and 1 ethmoid

What are the facial bones?

2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer and 1 mandible

Supraorbital margin

thickened region of bone that protects the orbit

external occipital protuberance

the bump on the back of the skull

external occipital protuberance function

joins two ligaments which hold the head up

foramen magnum

where the spinal cord connects to the brainstem

occipital chondyle

rounded articular surfaces that allow movement of the skull relative to the first cervical vertebrae

mastoid process

attachment point for neck muscles

styloid process

attachment point for tongue and neck muscles

external auditory canal

the outer portion of the ear canal

zygomatic process

make up a region of the cheek bone

jugular foramen

where veins of the brain leave

carotid foramen

where arteries enter the cranial cavity

sphenoid bone shape

butterfly

sella turcica

a small depression of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland

ethmoid bone

medial wall of orbit

perpendicular plate

assists in forming the nasal septum

superior and middle nasal conchae

ridges of the ethmoid bone

nasal bone

forms the upper portion of the bridge of the nose and anterior roof of the nasal cavity

lacrimal bones

contain canal where lacrimal sac is found

zygomatic bone

make up the cheek bones and portions of the orbit

temporal process

come together with the zygomatic process to for the zygomatic arch

maxilla bones

form upper jaw, floors of the orbit, some of the nasal cavity and most of the hard palate

hard palate

separates the oral and nasal cavities

palatine process

roof of the mouth

cleft lip

improper fusion of soft tissue of the lip

cleft palate

improper fusion of maxillary bones

mandible bone is

the only moveable bone of the skull

mandible bone

articulates with the temporal bone at the mandibular fossa

inferior nasal concha

creates ridges for turbulent flow, and helps move odourants to the olfactory epithelium region

vomer

forms the inferior and posterior region of the nasal septum

what bones do the alveolar processes of the skull relate to?

maxilla and mandible

what shape if the palatine bone?

L

What bones are associated with the orbit?

frontal, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid and maxilla

hyoid bone, paired or unpaired?

unpaired

what is the hyoid bone referred to as

floating bone

does the hyoid bone articulate with any bones?

no

hyoid bone function

attachment point for tongue muscles and neck muscles that elevate the larynx during speech and swallowing

vertebral column function

supports the weight of the head and trunk and protects the spinal cord

What allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord?

intervertebral foramina

How many vertebrae are there?

26

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 fused

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

4 fused

What are the four curves of the spine?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Which spinal curves are convex?

cervical and lumbar

Which spinal curves are concave?

thoracic and sacral

Fetuses only have one concave curve. True or False?

True

What are the seven processes of the vertebrae?

spinous, 2 transverse, 2 superior articular and 2 inferior articular

What are the two main differences between the thoracic and cervical vertebrae?

no vertebral body or spinous process of cervical vertabrae

Which vertebrae have short, stubby and less angled spinous processes?

lumbar

How many fused bones form the sacrum?

5

How may fused bones form the coccyx?

4

At what age do sacral bones begin to fuse?

16-18

At what age does the fusion process of the sacral bones end?

30

At what age do the coccyx bones begin to fuse?

20-30

What are intervertebral disks composed of?

fibrocartilage

Where are intervertebral disks located?

between vertebral bodies

Intervertebral disk functions

support, absorb vertical shock, permit movement

Thoracic cage function

protects vital organs

How is the thoracic cage semi-rigid?

It's bones are moveable

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12

How many pairs of vertebrosternal ribs are there?

7

How many pairs of vertebrochondral ribs are there?

3

How many pairs of vertbral ribs are there?

2

What is the xiphoid process composed of at age 19?

hyaline cartilage

What is the xiphoid process composed of at age 40?

bone

What age does the xiphoid process completely ossify?

40

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

scapula and clavicle

Sternoclavicular joint function

location where clavicle articulates medially with the sternum

What joint connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton?

sternoclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint function

location where the clavicle articulates laterally with the scapula

Glenohumeral joint

location where the upper limb attaches to the pectoral girdle

Scapula

trangularly-shaped bone that sits on the posterior side of the rib cage

Glenoid cavity function

the cavity that forms a joint with the head of the humerus

What kind of joint is formed at the glenoid cavity?

ball and socket

Scapular spine function

attachment point for many muscles

Acromion process function

region that forms a joint with the clavicle

Supraspinous fossa

indentation of the scapula superior to the scapular spine

Supraspinous fossa function

allows for a muscle to attach to the scapular spine

Infraspinous fossa

indentation of the scapula inferior to the scapular spine

Inraspinous fossa function

allows for a muscle to attach to the scapular spine

Coracoid process function

attachment point for muscles of the upper limb and breathing apparatus

What are the three regions of the clavicle?

body, acromial end and sternal end

Where is the weakest point of the clavicle?

body

Acromial end of the clavicle function

forms acromioclavicular joint with the scapula

Sternal end of the clavicle function

forms the sternoclavicular joint with the sternum