Anatomy I Lecture 1: Anatomy & Physiology Core principles

Anatomy is the study of?

the structure of body parts and their relation to one another

Physiology is the study of?

The function of body parts

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

What are the seven (eight) characteristics of life?

Homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, reproduction (and DNA)

What is the characteristic where living things are made up of units called “cells”?

organization

What characteristic pertains to living things obtaining and using materials and energy from the environment?

metabolism

metabolism = ________ (construct) + ________ (breakdown)

Anabolism + Catabolism

For single-celled organisms, growth is mostly an __________.

increase in size

Multicellular organisms go through a process called ___________, where cells divide and differentiate into different kinds of cells.

development

What characteristic pertains to living things evolving or having the capacity to evolve?

adaptation

What characteristic pertains to living things responding to their environment?

response to stimuli

What is a stimulus?

a signal to which an organism responds

What is asexual reproduction?

only one parent and all offspring are identical; for example, binary fission of bacteria or amoebas

What is sexual reproduction?

two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism

What characteristic pertains to living things being based on DNA?

universal genetic code

The directions for inheritance are found in what?

deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

What are the major structural levels of the human body?

• Chemical

• cellular

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

• organismal

What are main 4 levels of organization in the human body?

Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems

What are the levels of organization from greatest to least?

Organism —> Organ systems —> Tissues —> Cellular —> Organele —> Molecule —> Atoms

At the cellular level groups of cells become ________.

specialized

What are tissues?

Groups of similar cells that share a common function

What are the four types of tissues in the human body?

• Muscle Tissue - Movement

• Nervous Tissue - Signal

• Connective Tissue - Support

• Epithelial Tissue - Cover

Two or more tissues working together from a what?

organ

What does nervous tissue do in the stomach?

partly controls the production of acids that aid in the digestion of food and signals when the stomach is full

What does epithelial tissue do in the stomach?

lines the stomach

What does layers of muscle tissue do in the stomach?

break up stomach contents

Blood and a connective tissue called collagen are found where?

in the wall of the stomach

What is an organ system?

Organs that work in tandem to accomplish a common function

• ex: digestion

What makes up the Integumentary system?

Skin, hair, and nails protect underlying tissue

What is the system where skeletal muscles move your bones?

muscular system

What is the system where bones provide a frame to support and protect body parts?

skeletal system

What is the system where the heart pumps blood through all your blood vessels?

Cardiovascular system

What is the system where the lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

respiratory system

What is the system where the body removes wastes from the blood and regulates the body’s fluids?

urinary system

What is the system where the body produces and delivers sperm or produces eggs and nourishes and shelters the unborn baby?

Reproductive system (male and female)

What is the system where the body receives and sends electrical messages throughout the body?

nervous system

What is the system where the body returns leaked fluids to blood vessels and helps you get rid of germs that can harm you?

lymphatic system

What is the system where the body breaks down the food you eat into nutrients that can be absorbed into your body?

digestive system

What is the system where the body glands regulate body functions by sending out chemical messengers? ex: ovaries in females and testes in males

Endocrine system

What is the name of the system that connects the intestine to the abdominal wall, helps in storing fat and allowing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the intestines, among other functions?

Mesentery system

What is the name of the system that is a contiguous fluid-filled space existing between a structural barrier, such as a cell wall or the skin, and internal structures, such as organs, including muscles and the circulatory system?

Interstitial system

What is the name of the system that is the only organ system lacking lymphatic vessels to assist in the removal of interstitial metabolic waste products

Glymphatic system

What is the process where the body keeps internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external conditions?

Homeostasis

Internal environment is determined by physiological variables:

Regulated variables —> receptors —> Control center —> Effector

Homeostasis is continuously disturbed by what?

external or internal stimuli

What detects changes and sends signals to the control centre?

sensor

What sets the range of values within which a variable should be maintained, receives information from sensors, and sends signals to effectors?

control center

What responds to signals from a control center to effect change in a variable?

effector

What are disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected called?

Homeostatic imbalances

Physiological Processes Operate to Maintain Body’s Homeostasis is the _________________.

maintenance of internal environment

What feedback oppose initial change in regulated variable; reduce output?

negative feedback

Negative feedback loops return…

regulated variables to within “normal” range of value (comes back to the center)

Positive feedback loops increase/ reinforce…

initial stimulus on regulated variable (push)

What’s an example of negative feedback?

Nerve cells stimulate skeletal muscle cells to start shivering when you’re cold

What is an example of positive feedback?

• blood clotting

• contractions during labor

What is the feedback where the effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus; shuts off when conditions return to normal range?

positive feedback

What is the principle known as principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Structure and Function Core Principle

What is the principle that is present any time more of something exists in one area than another, where two areas are connected?

Gradient Core Principle

what kind of chemical signaling occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

paracrine

What signaling acts on distant target cells?

Endocrine

What signaling is cell-to-cell communication?

paracrine

What signaling binds to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it?

autocrine

What signaling is the contact of surface molecules in adjacent cells?

juxtacrine

What is the term for when cells communication and work together in a coordinated fashion, allowing the maintenance of homeostasis?

Cell-Cell Communication

What is the term that relates to the structure of any part of the body determines its function?

Structure-Function