Studied by 14 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Anatomy is the study of?
the structure of body parts and their relation to one another
Physiology is the study of?
The function of body parts
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
What are the seven (eight) characteristics of life?
Homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, reproduction (and DNA)
What is the characteristic where living things are made up of units called “cells”?
organization
What characteristic pertains to living things obtaining and using materials and energy from the environment?
metabolism
metabolism = ________ (construct) + ________ (breakdown)
Anabolism + Catabolism
For single-celled organisms, growth is mostly an __________.
increase in size
Multicellular organisms go through a process called ___________, where cells divide and differentiate into different kinds of cells.
development
What characteristic pertains to living things evolving or having the capacity to evolve?
adaptation
What characteristic pertains to living things responding to their environment?
response to stimuli
What is a stimulus?
a signal to which an organism responds
What is asexual reproduction?
only one parent and all offspring are identical; for example, binary fission of bacteria or amoebas
What is sexual reproduction?
two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
What characteristic pertains to living things being based on DNA?
universal genetic code
The directions for inheritance are found in what?
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
What are the major structural levels of the human body?
Chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal
What are main 4 levels of organization in the human body?
Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems
What are the levels of organization from greatest to least?
Organism —> Organ systems —> Tissues —> Cellular —> Organele —> Molecule —> Atoms
At the cellular level groups of cells become ________.
specialized
What are tissues?
Groups of similar cells that share a common function
What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
Muscle Tissue - Movement
Nervous Tissue - Signal
Connective Tissue - Support
Epithelial Tissue - Cover
Two or more tissues working together from a what?
organ
What does nervous tissue do in the stomach?
partly controls the production of acids that aid in the digestion of food and signals when the stomach is full
What does epithelial tissue do in the stomach?
lines the stomach
What does layers of muscle tissue do in the stomach?
break up stomach contents
Blood and a connective tissue called collagen are found where?
in the wall of the stomach
What is an organ system?
Organs that work in tandem to accomplish a common function
ex: digestion
What makes up the Integumentary system?
Skin, hair, and nails protect underlying tissue
What is the system where skeletal muscles move your bones?
muscular system
What is the system where bones provide a frame to support and protect body parts?
skeletal system
What is the system where the heart pumps blood through all your blood vessels?
Cardiovascular system
What is the system where the lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
respiratory system
What is the system where the body removes wastes from the blood and regulates the body’s fluids?
urinary system
What is the system where the body produces and delivers sperm or produces eggs and nourishes and shelters the unborn baby?
Reproductive system (male and female)
What is the system where the body receives and sends electrical messages throughout the body?
nervous system
What is the system where the body returns leaked fluids to blood vessels and helps you get rid of germs that can harm you?
lymphatic system
What is the system where the body breaks down the food you eat into nutrients that can be absorbed into your body?
digestive system
What is the system where the body glands regulate body functions by sending out chemical messengers? ex: ovaries in females and testes in males
Endocrine system
What is the name of the system that connects the intestine to the abdominal wall, helps in storing fat and allowing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the intestines, among other functions?
Mesentery system
What is the name of the system that is a contiguous fluid-filled space existing between a structural barrier, such as a cell wall or the skin, and internal structures, such as organs, including muscles and the circulatory system?
Interstitial system
What is the name of the system that is the only organ system lacking lymphatic vessels to assist in the removal of interstitial metabolic waste products
Glymphatic system
What is the process where the body keeps internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external conditions?
Homeostasis
Internal environment is determined by physiological variables:
Regulated variables —> receptors —> Control center —> Effector
Homeostasis is continuously disturbed by what?
external or internal stimuli
What detects changes and sends signals to the control centre?
sensor
What sets the range of values within which a variable should be maintained, receives information from sensors, and sends signals to effectors?
control center
What responds to signals from a control center to effect change in a variable?
effector
What are disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected called?
Homeostatic imbalances
Physiological Processes Operate to Maintain Body’s Homeostasis is the _________________.
maintenance of internal environment
What feedback oppose initial change in regulated variable; reduce output?
negative feedback
Negative feedback loops return…
regulated variables to within “normal” range of value (comes back to the center)
Positive feedback loops increase/ reinforce…
initial stimulus on regulated variable (push)
What’s an example of negative feedback?
Nerve cells stimulate skeletal muscle cells to start shivering when you’re cold
What is an example of positive feedback?
blood clotting
contractions during labor
What is the feedback where the effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus; shuts off when conditions return to normal range?
positive feedback
What is the principle known as principle of complementarity of structure and function?
Structure and Function Core Principle
What is the principle that is present any time more of something exists in one area than another, where two areas are connected?
Gradient Core Principle
what kind of chemical signaling occurs at the neuromuscular junction?
paracrine
What signaling acts on distant target cells?
Endocrine
What signaling is cell-to-cell communication?
paracrine
What signaling binds to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it?
autocrine
What signaling is the contact of surface molecules in adjacent cells?
juxtacrine
What is the term for when cells communication and work together in a coordinated fashion, allowing the maintenance of homeostasis?
Cell-Cell Communication
What is the term that relates to the structure of any part of the body determines its function?
Structure-Function
Note
Flashcard