AP World Age of Revolutions

Agricultural Revolution

Changes in technology which increased production

Enclosure Acts

Laws which closed off open fields and made farming more efficant

• small farmers pushed off their land\

• Agriculture became more commercial

• Food production increased

Industrial Revolution

• Introduction of the factory system

• Began in England

Why did the industrial revolution start in England?

• Natural resources (Coal + Water)

• Had money to use for investment

• Had a middle class

• Stable government

• More laborers as they were all moving into the city

Domestic system

The making of goods in the home

Flying shuttle

Increased the width a person could weave

Spinning Jenny

Spun 8 spools instead of 1 

What were conditions of the Industrial Revolution

• no sanitation

• fierce competition for jobs

• long hours for low pay

• child labor

Tenements

A run down apartment

Political effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Voting rights

• Militarism

• Government got involved in the economy (Passed laws)

• Feminism

Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Capitalism increased 

• Growth of big businesses

• Industrial countries controlled wealth worldwide 

• Globalization

Capitalism

An economic system in which private owners controlled the wealth worldwide

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Growth of the middle class

• Middle class moved to suburbs

• Transportation + Communication improved

• Population growth rate decreased while overall population increased

• Higher standards of living (Education, Cheaper goods, Leisure time, Medicine)

• Pollution

• Abolition

• Migration

• Women

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that questioned the political, social, and economic structures

Causes of the Enlightenment

• Scientific Revolution

• Protestant Reformation

• Renaissance

• Capitalism 

Writers of the Enlightenment

Philosophes

John Locke

• All men have the right to life, liberty, and property

• If rights not protected, the people have the right to revolt

• (Influenced the Declaration of Independence)

Cesare Beccaria

• Education prevented crime

• Against torcher + capital punishment

• Innocent until proven guilty 

• (Influenced the Bill of Rights)

Montesquieu

• Government divided into 3 branches

• Separation of power

• (Influenced Constitution) 

Voltaire

• Freedom of speech

• Freedom of religion 

• (Influenced Bill of Rights) 

Rousseau

Popular sovereignty 

Popular Sovereignty

A government created by the people, for the people (A common idea many philosophes shared)

Mary Wollstonecraft

• Equal education for boys and girls

• Equality among men and women 

Adam Smith

• Capitalism 

• Supply and demand

• Competition

• Laissez Affair

Causes of the political revolutions

• Enlightenment

• Rise of the Middle Class

• Population increased + there were poor harvests, famines, and competition for jobs

Political Spectrum

• Radical

• Liberal

• Moderate

• Conservative

• Reactionary

American Revolution Causes (1776)

• Enlightenment

• Taxes

• No representation in parliament

Two Effects of the American Revolution

• Influenced the French Revolution

• Independence from. Britain (Treaty of Paris 1783)

Stamp Act

Tax on all paper goods

Townsend Acts

Tax on glass, wine, and teaimposed by the British government on the American colonies, which led to widespread protests and boycotts.

Navigation Acts

Regulated colonial trade to benefit England’s economy

3 Causes of the French Revolution

• Enlightenment

• American Revolution

• 3rd estate paid all of the taxes

Louie XVI

King of France during the French Revolution, executed for treason in 1793.

Declaration of the Rights of Man + Citizen

• French Constitution

• Guaranteed Freedoms

• National Assembly Created

• Discriminated Against Women and Jews

Reign of Terror

• Radicals take control of gov.

• Lead by Robespierre

• King and queen executed

Napoleon

• Napoleon Code (law that promised equality) 

• Everyone paid taxes

• Public school education

• Ended slavery

• Religious toleration

Similarities between French and American Revolution

• Fought against reigning monarchy

• Wanted a say in government

• Made a constitution

• Fought for rights

Estates General

1st 2nd and 3rd estates of French society, representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners/MC.

National Assembly

A revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France, aiming to create a new constitution and assert the rights of the common people.

Old Regime

The political and social system in France before the French Revolution, characterized by feudalism and absolute monarchy, divided into three estates.

Mercantilism

An economic theory and practice that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It emphasizes exports over imports and the accumulation of wealth through trade.

Jethro Tull

An English agricultural pioneer who developed the seed drill and advocated for crop rotation, significantly improving farming efficiency.

Waterloo

End of Napolean’s rule

Conservative Restoration

A time period in Europe in which monarchs were restored to their thrones

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest

Emeline Pankhurst

Led the fight for women’s rights in Britian

Principals of Population

Population increased faster than foody supply

Romanticism

About Emotion

Realism

Kinda depressing form of art

7 Years War

French and Brits in America - Led to the American Revolution 

Overall effect of French Revolution on Europe

widespread political upheaval and the spread of Enlightenment ideals across the continent.

What is universal conscription

A policy requiring all citizens to serve in the military during times of war, often implemented during revolutions.

When did serfdom end in France

During the French Revolution

How does communism relate to the Industrial Revolution

Communism emerged as a response to the inequalities created by the Industrial Revolution, advocating for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society.