infec - m2 + m3

endemic, hyperendemic, epidemic, outbreak, cluster, pandemic

level of disease occurence

endemic

amount of a particular disease that is present in a population within a geographic area

hyperendemic

persistent ; high level of disease occurence

epidemic

an increase in number of cases above of what is normally expected

outbreak

same as epidemic, but is used in a limited geographic area

cluster

aggregation of cases ; grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected

pandemic

an epidemic that has spread over several countries

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

types of pathogens

pathogens

an organism that causes diseases

blood, skin, conjuctiva, nasal and oral mucosa

where pathogen may be present

viruses

• are made up of piece of genetic code: DNA and RNA

• protected by a coating of protein

• once infected: host cells’ replicates and produces more virus

ulceration and blistering of oral tissues

oral viral infections in dentistry (viruses)

bacteria

• microscopic, single celled organisms that thrive in diverse environment

• can live in soil, ocean, human guts

• are motile, and can swim in moist environment

pneumonia, tuberculosis, methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus

destructive bacteria

demineralization, destruction of hard tissues (dentin, cementum, enamel)

bacterial infections in dentistry (bacteria)

streptococcus mutans and sobrinus, lactobacilli

most responsible for dental cavities (bacteria)

fungi

nucleus protected by a membrane and a thick cell wall

oral candidiasis

most common viral oral fungal infection in dentistry

parasites

• organisms that behave like tiny animals

• live and feed in the human body

mouth (fecal-oral transmission) and skin (insect bites)

how does parasites enter the body?

hiv, hepatitis, tuberculosis, hsv

blood borne diseases of concern to dentistry

hiv

• retrovirus

• targets the body’s immune system (CD4 T cells)

• may take years to exhibit symptoms

• may become AIDS

• no treatment

cd4 t cells

what does hiv targets? (type of cell)

oral thrush, erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis

diseases that are prone to occur if a person has HIV/AIDS

oral thrush

• “creamy plaques”

• contains hyphae, keratin waste, inflammatory and epithelial cells, bacteria and fibrin

erythematous candidiasis

• flat red lesions

• seen in the palate/dorsum of the tongue

• lesions are symptopmatic

• oral burning sensation/taste distortion

• spicy/salty meals

angular cheilitis

• white small unilateral and bilateral patches

• appears as fissures or linear ulcerations of commissures (presence of intraoral edema)

periodontal disease

shows up in HIV infected patients with a variable prevalence of 27% - 76% when the patent has AIDS

linear gingival erythema, chronic periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, xerostomia, kaposi sarcoma, recurrent apthous ulcer, oral hairy leukoplakia, oral hyperpigmentation, oral herpes virus, caries

most relevant hiv/aids related periodontal diseases

highly active antiretroviral therapy

its goal is to reduce the viral load in a patient’s body - reducing the chance of transmission to others

hav, hbv, hcv

types of hepatitis

hepatitis

liver disease

hcv

no vaccine for this type of hepatitis but can cure more than 90% of the cases

hav

• acute short lasting illness

• does not cause chronic illness

hbv

• acute or chronic illness

• may affect the liver EVEN kidneys and pancreas

• may be fatal

hcv

• bloodborne virus

• targets the human hepatocytes

• chronic = 70-85%

• results to chronic liver infection

liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, death

hcv may lead to?

hsv

can survive for hours in fluids including: counters, dental charts, handpieces

tuberculosis

• occurs through inhalation

• travels through the alveoli of the lungs

• “droplet nuclei”

1 to 5 micrometers

how long in length can TB stay suspended in the air for hours?

herpes simplex virus

meaning of hsv

hsv-1

• oral to oral contact (oral herpes)

• lifelong infection

hsv-2

genital to genital contact (genital herpes)

blisters and open sores on lips

hsv-1 symptoms

hand hygiene

most important measure to prevent the spread of infections among patients and dhcp

resident skin flora, transient skin flora

2 types of microbial flora on the hands

resident skin flora

• consists of microorganisms that colonize the skin and become permanent residents

• always on the skin