Uci c109 Juvenile Delinquency

What does " Its F**ing Chaos" tell us about the current state of juvenile justice efforts in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic? How does this relate to our conceptual understanding of delinquency and the purpose of the juvenile justice system?

It tells us that Covid-19 increased delinquency and brought on a negative impact to families.

Are there differences between the following terms: youth, adolescents, and delinquent?

Youth: under 18

adolescent refers to the phase of development between childhood and adulthood

delinquent is used to describe an indivdual who has been found by the juvenile court to have committed a crime

What is a status offender? Give some examples

individuals who in engage in behavior that is only for delinqents / ex. underage drinking , truancy .

What does the heterogeneity of juvenile offending mean? Does the heterogeneity make it easier or more challenging to develop juvenile justice policy? Explain your answer

Heterogeneity of juvenile offending is the differintially that juveniles commit crimes. Some commit less serious crimes while others commit more serious crimes.It makes it more difficult to develop a policy each instance should be dealt with on a case to case basis, its important to recognized factors such as if your dealing with a rebellious teen or a repeat offender

What is the difference between the legal and sociolgical definition of delinquent?

legal delinquent: differs from place to place, age major criteria

sociological delinquent:norms of age appropriate behavior, regardless of jjs involvment

What types of offenses and or/crimes do juvenile delinquents engage in? Do juneniles engage in certain offense and or/crimes more than others?

The most common offenses are running away, truancy,violating curfew, underage drinking, smoking.

What is the process juvenile delinquents go through in the juvenile justice system? Why is the terminolgy different from the adult criminal justice system?

The juvenile justice system is the people and organizations that move young offenders through the legal process, including judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, court administrators, court intake workers, counselors, and probation officers. It is the institutions and organizations that sometimes hold and house juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, juvenile correctional facilities and training schools, residential treatment centers, foster homes, group homes, and drug treatment and mental health facilities. Depending on each individual case, the system that responds to the illegal behaviors of juveniles. The goal of juvenile justice intervention, in responding to acts of delinquency, is to hold youth accountable for their illegal behavior and to deliver treatments and services that will address the causes of this misbehavior and will facilitate positive and healthy adolescent development to prevent the youth from becoming involved in the justice system again.The difference in terminology between adult and juvenile court indicates that juvenile offenders are often treated more leniently. This is because there is a strong inclination to rehabilitate juveniles, instead of merely to punish them. Adults are punished for their crimes

What is the California minimum age of jurisdiction?

12

Offical records and self-report data allow us to understand delinquency. In what ways are these data beneficial and problematic for research?

Overrepresnation of certain races. Not accurate, Latinos counted as whites or blacks. Dark figure of crime(unreported crime), changing norms(marjuana) There are also differences in the basic correlates of delinquency, for example, by race/ethnicity, social class, and gender.

Is the justice system responce in the "Stickup Kid" aligned with an adolescent develpoment approach? Explain your answer

No it doesnt the justice system did not strengthen Alozons self identity, self-efficacy, and emontinal cognition. He was charged hashly and was sent to adult prison. No attempted in rehabilitation only punishment.

Define parens patriae

power of the state to act on behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent/ The court(judge) will eliminate the parent

Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system. Why is common law relevant for understanding the role of the juvenile court judge? What are poor laws?

Throughout 1600s and 1700s juveniles were sent to adult prisons. First juvenile facility was set up by Robert Yough in 1788. By mid 1800s adopted more therapeutic approaches for youth(taught a trade). 1899 first juvenile court created. A more legalistic approach took shape. Common law is relevent for understanding the role of the juvenile court judge because children under 7 could not form criminal intent and could not be responsible(places and emphaisis that kids dont know what their doing).Common Law, which formed a foundation for the American justice system, also did not recognize a special category of juvenile crime. Rather, youthful offenders were treated as anyone else who committed a crime, and they were subject to harsh corporal, and even capital, punishment.Poor Laws is seperation of children from poor parents and placed with local residents as apprentices.

What is the NY House of Refuge -1824?

First juvenilie reformatory, Beginning of the Child Saving Movement(foster care, regulate child labor, fight child abuse)

Where and when was the first junenile court created? What were the goals of that court?

in 1899 in Cook County, Illinois. The goals were the state acts as ulmtimate parent , non punitive efforts to save the child,not punish but help and rehabilitate, nurture/prevent stigmatization of formal court processing

Describe the due process reform of juvenile justice. Idenitify how key court cases altered juvenile courts

requires that the juvenile be granted a hearing or at least that the officer state fully the reasons for his decisions. Kent v. US right to transfer hearing, right to an attorney, access to social files; judge in writing must state why a young person is being transferred into adult sysytem

What did Roper v. Simmons(2005), Graham v. Florida(2010), and Miller v. Alabama(2012) each accomplish?

Roper v. Simmons- death penalty for a crime committed by a juvenile is cruel and unsual punishment under the 8th amendment

Graham v. Florida- life without parole for a non-homicide offense is unconsitutional

Miller v. Alabama - life without parole for homicide is unconsistutional

What are some important delinquency correlates that we know? What proprotion of chronic offenders make up what proportion of crime?

race/ethnicity, social class, and gender Age: Property offender peak at 18;violent offenders peak later at 23

Sex: Males are 82%of violents index crime

Race: Blacks comprise 51% of violent index crime

Chronic offenders: 6% of male pop. responsible for 50% arrests

What are the main findings of the National Survey of Childrens Exposure to Violence? What are the four types of delinquency measures used in much of the delinquency literature? How do the findings differ across gender and age? What kinds of delinquency measures do they look at?

Delinquent-victims. Primary delinquents. Primary victims. Low delinquency/low victimization. Points out the importance of early intervention. For girls a large jump in vicimization occurs at ages 11-12 and for boys it increases at ages 13-14. Girls more likely to be priamry victim. Boys more likey to be primary-delinquent and delinquent-victims. They look at measures of Victimization Delinquency Co-occurrence by Females Ages 10 to 17, Victimization Delinquency Co-occurrence by Males Ages 10 to 17, Victimization-Delinquency Co-occurrence by Gender,Ages 10 to 17

What are the main findings of the article "Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2017"(2019)? For example, how many delinquency cases were processed by the juvenile courtsin 2017? Are there disparities in these official records? Did all cases result in a petition oradjudication? What were the outcomes? Explain

818,900 delinquent cases in 2017

Petitoned filed 57%/ 18% dissmissed/ 25% handled informally

Adjudicated delinquent: 53% waviers to adult court: 1% of all delinquency cases

What role do schools play in juvenile delinquency? Are SROs beneficial to school settings? Explain.

Increase school safety and prevention of school violence.No evidence that School reseach officers help stop bad behavior in schools

There are significant gaps in mental health treatment for youth. What contributes to these gaps? How many confined youth have at least one diagnosable health disorder?

Rates highest among youth who are confined (65-70% have at least one MH disorder).The failure of states to provide mental health services for youth have constibuted to these high numbers.

In the podcast (Caught), what does "turning up" as a coping strategy tell us about the needed interventions for addressing delinquency?

"Turning up" is when an indvidual looses self control and has an outbreak it is a method because they do not know how to properly regulate their emotions and feelings. This tells us that we need to provide programs for delinquents to be able to talk about their feelings and to help them gain self control.

Describe science's role in death penalty cases involving adolescents

Sciences role is that it is unconstitutional, the brain is not fully developed

How do behavioral, psychological, and neuroscience research demonstrate adolescence as a period of human development that differs from childhood and adulthood? Inparticular, how does brain development, self-control and puberty intersect to affect development and decision-making?

.The part of the brain that makes you enjoy things and react emotionally grows faster than the part that helps you control yourself. As you get older, the connections between different parts of your brain change, and the experiences you have as a teenager are just as important. Puberty is also a big factor because it brings about changes in your brain that go along with changes in how you behave.

What are external influences on adolescents? How do these influences affect adolescent development?

Parental influence: guidance, modeling, communication, supervision

Peer group: community organizations, after school programs, gangs

Activities: school transitions, achievements, disparitues, discipline

What are the different units of analysis in the study of delinquency and provide examples of each?

Levels of analysis: Individual(youth)

Group(peers)

Community(city)

Time (of day)

Situation or event(gang drive-by shooting)

What are the key assumptions of differential association? What is the role of culture and subculture in differential association?

Key assuptions of differental association is deviant behavior is learned with interations with others. The role of subculture is that group has norms, values, and belifes distinct from dominant culture. Gangs a good example of this they believe that gang life is everything.

Among social control theories, what are social bonds? What are the elements of social bonds?

Social bonds state that if you have strong social bonds your less likely to commit crime . Four elements Attachment(to others), Commitment(to conventional actives), Belief(in the moral order), Evaluation: if you have strong bonds your less likely to commit delinquent behavior.

Describe Gottfredson's (2017) aims and conclusions in his article

General theory of low self control given the opportunity and age, delinquency may arise, self control can be benefical in life, education,interpersonal life, health.

What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Primary Deviance is the original act of nonconformity

Secondary deviance is the results from label and identity

What is the distinction between life-course persistent vs. adolescent-limited? According to Sampson and Laub (2003), who are life-course desisters?

Life-course persistent- childrens neuro problems interact with criminal behavior, onset is very early, tied to deflicit disorder, learning problems

Adolescent limited- a offender commits crimes only in adolescent but it desists as they get older, fewer deficits. Life course persisters often offend starting early and persisting through life.

What is the ecological fallacy as it relates to social disorganization theory?

ecological fallacy relates to "disorganization" = crime,

disorgainization is caused by rapid social change(immigration, industrialization, urbanization)

What are the key assumptions of general strain theory? What is Merton's contribution to this theory? How did Thaxton and Agnew test this theory?

The key assumptions of general strain theory is that strain stems from when people are faced with lessed opportunities to reach their goals. Mertons contribution to this theory to include many strains(parental rejection;abuse;unemployments;bad jobs;victimization;homelesness;discrimination). Agnew tested this with the coping process in general strain

Can general theories of crime explain female delinquency? Why or why not?

No

Moral code of society, enforcement of gender and sexual double standard(men rewarded or praised vs. women stigmatized)

Theft and Prostituition to survive

Girls as likey victims of physical and sexual abuse

What do critical theories of crime focus on?

Assumptions

value conflict

capitalism is tied to delinquency production

crimes of domination and oppression by agents of capitalism

crimes of accomodation by working class to survive

crimes of resistance by working class

What is the relationship between victimization and offending as described in the podcast(Caught)?

Victimization in adolescence is a stronger predictor of offending than other life stages. Youth are vunerable to different types of victimization at different ages. EX; experiencing sibling violence decreases with age but experience weapon offenses increases with age

What are the main recommendations Greenwood (2008) proposes? What are some effective programs for preventing youth from engaging in delinquency? What are some ineffective programs for delinquency prevention?

Main recommendations is that we need guidance for jurisdictions attempting to curb delinquency.Effective programs are Home nurse visit programs, bullying prevention programs, life skills training. Ineffective programs are D.A.R.E. ,Bootcamps, Beyond scared straight and trying youth in adult courts.

According to the podcast (Caught), what does "take a moment to breathe" mean? Inparticular, what does this mean in practice?

Before juvenile act on impulse they should first take a moment to breathe and compose themselves

Are programs created and run by private organizations always effective in reducing reoffending? Explain.

No programs created by private organizations are not always proven to be effective methods of reducing reoffending

What are the important lessons we need to consider when creating a framework for prevention?

Psychosocial factors matter, people age out of crime, develop skills for prodcutive, prosocial lives, fairness

The operation of legal mechanisms of prevention at what two levels? Describe both types of prevention and its goals.

Population level (general prevention):two basic tools; 1 :aim to instill norms by expressing social disapproval and punishing violators; 2: discourage the popluation from enagaging in prohibited activites by threathening to impose sanctions if they do

Individual level(specific prevention): preventing that particular person from committing future crime by intimidation by threat of future penalties, incapacitation, rehabilitation.

What are delinquency dispositions in prevention? What are some important aspects youth need in order to prevent delinquency?

Disposition is a phase of delinquency proceeding similar to "sentencing" phase of adult trial. The judge must consider alternative and individualized sentences rather than imposing standard sentences.Social settings(family,peer group, school, and community) can inhibit or facliitate well-being. Therapy

How are adolescent offenders and adult offender different in terms of culpability?

Adolescents tend to have dimished culpabilty(dont know what their doing) they lack self control, increased susceptibilty to peer influence and lack good reasoning making them less culpable than adults

The committee concludes that science on adolescence and juvenile crime is likely to result in policies and practices that are effective and fair. Is there evidence of this in the juvenile justice system? Explain your answer.

Yes there tends to be more polices and practices that are effective and fair in terms of juvenile delinquency. They are held accountable but not with excessive sanctions, proprtionalty, procedural and percived fairness

What is the role of environmental influences on youth? How do these influences affect serious offenders?

Serious offenders: role of environmental influces(neighborhood, peers) may heighten existing individual vulnerablities environmental influences play a big role

According to the report by the National Academy of Sciences, what are important attributes of adolescent behavior to consider? How do juveniles respond to policies or programs that are punitive versus those that are not?

Adolescents have less capacity for self-regulation in emotionally charged contexts, relative to adults. Second, adolescents have a heightened sensitivity to proximal external influences, such as peer pressure and immediate incentives, relative to children and adults. Third, adolescents show less ability than adults to make judgments and decisions that require future orientation. The combination of these three cognitive patterns accounts for the tendency of adolescents to prefer and engage in risky behaviors that have a high probability of immediate reward but can have harmful consequences. Punitive programs do not have a good response from juveniles, harsh punishment is less effective with adolescents than adults. They respond better with psostive policies and programs like rehabiliative programs.

According to the report by the National Academy of Sciences, what are the risk factors for delinquency? What do these tell us and what do they not tell us?

prior offending and aggression, as well as peer, family, and school factors.School transitions, attendance at low-performing schools and school discipline practices are critical contextual factors influencing poor school performance, a major risk factor for involvement in juvenile crime.

How effective is using risk/needs assessment instruments for juveniles?

Very accurate at categorizing juvenile casesas low, moderate, and high rick, whereas others did not provide disctinction amoung risk categories.

Describe the current challenges in predicting and managing risk.

The combination of individual relationship, community, and societal factors contribute to the risk of the youth violence. Toxic stress plays a role.

According to Bushman et al. (2016), what are some of the challenges to predicting rampage shootings? Youth violence: What we know and what we need to know), what is the difference between school violence and street violence?

Because these events are rare, most of the evidence on the features of rampage shooters is based on intensive case history studies as well as analyses of databases such as theSchool-Associated Violent Deaths maintained by the CDC(2014) on school-related homicides. School violence is fighting, bullying and street violence is violnce in the community, not on school grounds such as gangs.

Describe some of the research needs in regards to risk/needs assessments.

Implementation and outcomes

Ric]sk need assesments

chara teristic of effective programs

program developers role

program duration

family involvement

Provide the characteristics of effective interventions. In other words, what are the elements needed in order to have an effective intervention?

Program developers role, program duration, family involvement

According to Elliott et al. (2020), what are the four basic set of standards for evaluating the effectiveness of program and practice approaches?

First,how extensive and robust is the evidence base for each? This includes questions about the quality, quantity, and level of evidence established and the scientific standards used in each approach for determining whether a program or practice is "evidence-based."Second, how extensive and sound is the research evidence for the claim that specific programs or a set of practices are effective in reducing juvenile reoffending when scaled up and implemented as routine practice in the juvenile justice system?Third, what is the expected impact of each approach on the population of juvenile offenders in the justice system? How soundly can that impact be inferred? Fourth, what does the existing evidence say about likely juvenile justice system adoption rates and factors influencing adoption decisions? These include factors like fidelity requirements anddifferences in costs and benefits.

What is program drift? What are some ways to prevent program drift?

Program drift is when the program is adapted either with the intent of unitentional delivery. Chamges may diminish promgrams effectiveness. Adressing the issue is to increase efforts to ensure model fidelty throught out the program. More effort and data collection on the model to show if it is being achieved

Describe the various programs and therapies enumerated by the Washington State Institute for Public Policy: aggression replacement therapy, family integrated transitions,functional family therapy, multisystemic therapy, and victim offender mediation

Agression replacement therapy: improve anger management/behavior,social skills, moral reasoning in adolescent and children

Family intergrated transitions: family and indivdual services to juveniles who have reoccuring mental health disorders. Service is provided with the juvenile is transitioning from incaceration to the community

Functional family therapy: in home family counseling specifically the delinquent behaviors(truancy) from a family based perspective to improve family relationships

Multisystemic therapy:family- community bases treatment program that addresses all environments that impact high risk youth

Victim offender therapy: program that allows victims of property crimes and minor assaults to meet their offenders in a safe setting . The goal is to hold the offender accountable while providing support to the victim

What change did CA make to its penal codes in 2020 and why?

In 2020 "at-risk" was replaced by "at -promise" in the CA educational and penal codes because it stigmatizing young people, the lable was harmful.

What is the focus of the Baglivio et al. (2017) (Multiple Pathways to Juvenile Recidivism) article? What are the results of this study? How are these results helpful intreatment planning, intervention, and primary/secondary prevention efforts?

Study focus: Mental health and Recidivism. Relationship between parental drug, alcohol, and mental health problems and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),formal conduct disorder diagnosis and temperament deficits. Relationship bewteen ADHD, CD, and recidivism.Results show that parental problems were associated with an increased likelihood of formal ADHD diagnosis as well increased negative emotionality among youth. Furthermore, ADHD and temperamental deficits (both effortful control and negative emotionality) were significantly related to continued offending. These findings may be helpful in treatment planning, targeting of intervention, and discussions of primary and secondary prevention efforts.

Skeem, et al. (2014) (Justice Policy Reform for High-Risk Juveniles) describe multifaced and broad interventions for high-risk juveniles. What are the components of such interventions? What is their goal?

Focus on developmental needs. Target risks of recidivism. Treatment in community programs when possible.