Sociology CLEP - Important People

Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Invented Marxim

- Divided people into to groups of those with means to produce and laborers

- Communist Manifesto and Capital

Max Weber

Religion, cities, bureaucracy and social stratification
- Believed political/bureaucratic power and social standing were the ones truly in charge

Emile Durkheim

Wrote the sociological method
- How societies could maintain integrity and coherence in the modern era
- Positivist science

W. E. B. Du Bois

"Double Consciousness" - how africans born in europe were or were not able to reconcile their heritage with their upbringing
- leader of Niagara movement

Gustave le Bon

Contagion theory - members in a large group feel protected by the crowd

Robert Merton

5 modes of adaption of anomie:
1) Conformity
2) Innovation
3) Ritualism
4) Retreatism
5) Rebellion

Thomas Malthus

Population studies
- developed the dependency ratio
covering rate of growth in food production vs. population and working vs. nonworking population

Erving Goffman

Argued that identities were not inherently a part of us, but resources to use when needed

Adam Smith

Capitalism "Wealth of Nations"

William Sumner

Ethnocentrism

Radcliffe Browne

Structural Functionalism

Auguste Comte

3 Stages of cultural evolution:
Theological to metaphysical to positive
- Coined sociology as study of whole

Thomas Hobbes

Social contract theory and proposed that social order arose out of the desire to escape social conflict

Jean Piaget

Developmental psychology at young ages

Edwin Sutherland

People undergo similar socialization, whether conformist or deviant

Harriet Martineau

First female sociologist

Jane Addams

Developed progressive social theories

Margaret Mead

Gender studies

Ferdinand Tonnies

Coined gemeinschaft and gesellschaft

Sigmund Freud

3 Parts of personality:
1) Id - instinctual mind
2) ego - realistic part
3) Super ego - internal set of cultural rules

Edward Thorndike

Animal behavior and connectionism
- Proved HALO effect concept

Erik Erikson

Child and psychosocial development
8 Stages:
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair

Talcott Parsons

Sick Role

Charles Wright Mills

Sociological imagination