AP Human Geography Unit 5 Quiz 2 Mrs. Yi

Agricultural Revolutions

A period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

Animal Husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, including cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

Aquaculture

The use of river segments or artificial bodies of water such as ponds for the raising and harvesting of food products including fish, shellfish, and seaweed.

Bid Rent Curve/Theory

A geographical economic theory explaining how land price and demand change as distance from the central business district increases, with different land users competing for central locations.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms or genes to modify products, improve plants and animals, or develop microorganisms for specific purposes.

Blue Revolution

A period of intense growth in the global aquaculture industry from the mid-1960s to the present.

Capital-Intensive Agriculture

A form of agriculture that uses machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large quantities of goods with minimal human labor.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people that the environment of a region can sustainably support.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, culture, and technology between the Americas and the Old World following European contact.

Commercial Agricultural Economy

Agricultural production intended primarily for sale rather than local consumption.

Commodity Chain

The process by which corporations gather resources, transform them into goods, and transport them to consumers.

Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)

A system where consumers support a farm by purchasing shares of its harvest, strengthening farmer-consumer connections.

Dairying

An agricultural activity focused on raising livestock, especially cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.

Deforestation

The clearing or removal of large areas of forest or trees.

Domestication

The intentional manipulation of plant and animal species by humans for food, labor, or other uses.

The Enclosure Act

British laws that allowed landowners to fence and privately own land previously held in common.

Farmland Protection Policies

Government policies that preserve farmland and prevent conversion to non-agricultural uses through zoning and regulation.

Feedlots

Facilities where livestock are raised in confined spaces and fed grain and hormones to accelerate growth before slaughter.

Fertilizer

A natural or chemical substance added to soil to increase fertility and crop yields.

Food Desert

An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.

Food Insecurity

The condition of lacking reliable access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food.

Genetically Modified Foods

Foods produced from organisms whose genes have been altered to improve traits like yield, nutrition, or disease resistance.

High-Yield Seeds

Crop seeds designed to produce larger harvests per cycle, often genetically modified for efficiency.

Hybridization

The breeding of two plants with desirable traits to produce a seed with both characteristics.

Infrastructure

The basic physical systems of a country such as roads, bridges, ports, power grids, and communication networks.

Irrigation

The artificial supply of water to crops using canals, ditches, pipes, or machines.

Labor-Intensive Agriculture

A type of agriculture that requires large amounts of manual labor.

Local Food Movement

A trend emphasizing the production and consumption of locally grown food, often through farmers markets and community events.

Long Lot

A land division system using long, narrow plots extending from rivers to provide equal access to water.

Luxury Crops

Non-essential crops with high profit value, such as coffee, cocoa, and pineapples.

Mechanization

The replacement of human labor with machines and technology in agriculture.

Metes and Bounds System

A land survey system that defines property boundaries using physical features, distances, and directions.

Monoculture

The cultivation of a single crop species over a large area.

Neolithic Revolution

The first agricultural revolution, beginning around 12,000 years ago, marked by farming, animal domestication, population growth, and the rise of civilizations.

Nomadic Herding

The movement of livestock herds by humans to access fresh grazing land and resources.

Planned Agricultural Economy

An agricultural system, typically in communist nations, where the government controls production and distribution.

Plantation Farming

Large-scale farming in tropical and subtropical regions often associated with low wages and exploitative labor practices.

Subsistence Agricultural Economy

Farming in which most crops are grown for personal or local consumption.

Organic Farming

A farming method that avoids synthetic chemicals and relies on natural processes, resulting in lower yields but environmental and health benefits.

Pesticides

Chemicals used to kill pests that can also negatively affect other species and ecosystems.

Salinization

The buildup of salts in soil due to irrigation in arid climates, reducing soil fertility.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period during the Industrial Revolution when new tools and machines increased food production and supported population growth.

Specialty Crops

Crops such as peanuts or pineapples grown mainly for export, often in developing countries.

Subsidies

Government financial assistance provided to support farmers or agricultural production.

Terrace Farming

A farming technique that creates flat land on slopes to retain water and soil, common in mountainous regions.

Third Agricultural Revolution

The Green Revolution of the 1950s–60s, marked by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and high-yield seeds in developing countries.

Urban Farming

The cultivation, processing, and distribution of food within or around cities.

Value-Added Specialty Crops

Agricultural goods that are modified or combined with other products to increase their market value.

Wetland Draining

The removal of water from wetlands to create farmland, often causing ecological damage.