Acid-base balance

pH range

7.35-7.45

PaCO2 range

35-45

HCO3 range

22-26

PaO2 range

80-100

SaO2 range

95-100%

Respiratory acidosis ABG

pH <7.35

PaCO2 >45

Metabolic acidosis ABG

pH <7.35

HCO3 <22

Respiratory alkalosis ABG

pH >7.45

PaCO2 <35

Metabolic alkalosis ABG

pH >7.45

HCO3 >26

Respiratory acidosis causes

Hypoventilation

-Respiratory depression

-Airway obstruction

-Excess HCO3 admin

-Ventilator hypoventilation

Respiratory alkalosis causes

Hyperventilation

-hypoxemia from acute pulmonary disorders

-Anxiety, stress, pain

-Ventilator settings: delivering too much volume or too many breaths/minute

Metabolic acidosis causes

Acid gain

-tissue hypoxia

-ketoacidosis

-renal failure

-drugs (aspirin)

-toxins (methanol and ethylene glycol)

Bicarb loss

-bile drainage

-pancreatic fistula

-DIARRHEA

-acetazolamide therapy (diuretic)

Metabolic alkalosis causes

Acid loss

-NG suctioning

-Severe vomiting

-Diuretic therapy

-Steroid therapy

-Cushing's disease

-Hyperaldosteronism

-Hepatic disease

-Hypokalemia

-Hypochloremia

Bicarb gain

-Dosing with bicarb

-Excess infusion of lactated ringers solution

Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

BUN

Creatinine

Glucose

Calcium

Carbon dioxide

Sodium

Potassium

Chloride

Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)

BMP + albumin, total protein, liver tests (ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin)

Complete blood count

White blood cell

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Platelet

Red blood cell